{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:06:11Z","timestamp":1790075171497,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicle routing in modern logistics increasingly depends on live sensing: GPS and Internet-of-Things telemetry, roadside perception, and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) data streams change the operational state faster than static route plans can absorb. Digital twins have been proposed to link real-time sensing with routing decisions, yet the literature is fragmented across production, emergency, urban, supply-chain, and Internet of Vehicles (IoV) domains. This systematic review synthesizes 30 peer-reviewed studies of digital-twin-enabled vehicle routing retrieved by a two-stage search of Scopus, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar, and reported in accordance with PRISMA 2020. Each study was coded for domain, digital-twin role, coupling granularity, evidence maturity, evidence type, and evidence confidence. Four roles recur in the routing loop: monitoring and synchronization; simulation and training; adaptive re-optimization; and infrastructure, data governance, and model management. Twenty-five studies contribute primary evidence and five are conceptual or secondary review sources; simulation-only validation dominates (19 of 30 studies), and only three studies are validated on industrial or field data, so reported operational benefits remain largely unconfirmed. No meta-analysis was performed, because the corpus is too heterogeneous for pooled estimation. The review contributes a role taxonomy, an evidence-maturity mapping, and a routing-specific reference architecture in which synchronization quality, decision latency, and sensor-data governance are proposed as first-class design variables, together with three testable design hypotheses and a research agenda for sensing-driven, cyber-physical routing systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26195986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"5986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital Twin-Enabled Vehicle Routing in Logistics and Transportation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4213-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Alavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration, Department of Business, Douglas College, 700 Royal Ave, New Westminster, BC V3M 5Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-3286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Alavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK"},{"name":"School of the Built Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abideen, A.Z., Sundram, V.P.K., Pyeman, J., Othman, A.K., and Sorooshian, S. 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