{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:03:25Z","timestamp":1790154205805,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of CNPC","award":["2023ZZ0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ0101"]}]},{"award":["2023ZZ0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ0101"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05269d038","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a critical technology for the fossil energy industry to achieve the dual carbon goals. Organic amine-based absorption methods, represented by mono-ethanolamine (MEA), methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), are currently the most widely adopted approaches for carbon dioxide capture. If the concentration of leaked organic amines exceeds the safety threshold, inhalation will cause severe respiratory irritation and even serious illnesses in humans. Accordingly, in situ monitoring of organic amine concentrations in waste gas is of great significance for process optimization, environmental protection, early health warning, energy conservation and emission reduction. In this study, a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor array was developed to identify categories and concentration variations in small-molecule organic amines. To realize effective gas classification and accurate concentration prediction, single-component gas data and mixed gas data with varying concentrations of the three amines collected in the laboratory were adopted to train a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and a bidirectional gated recurrent unit (Bi-GRU) via five-fold cross-validation. The proposed model achieved a classification accuracy of 0.9969 \u00b1 0.0006. For MEA concentration prediction, the optimal determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) were 0.9969, 2.1306 and 1.5503, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method possesses promising practical application prospects in in situ gas monitoring and early hazard warning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:14:39Z","timestamp":1790151279000},"page":"6012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hybrid Deep Learning Neural Networks for Small-Molecule Organic Amine Gas Recognition and Prediction Based on MOS Sensor Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xinglei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chenjun","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5655-1766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1131-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education of China, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6078-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100539","article-title":"Volatile nitrosamine manual stack monitoring method: Sampling validation and performance assessment on stack simulated conditions","volume":"17","author":"Barros","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon Capture Sci. 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