{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:57:48Z","timestamp":1790744268986,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-03-2026-305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-03-2026-305"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-10-2025-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-10-2025-017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-14-00120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-14-00120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["24-14-00120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-14-00120"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioluminescent reporters and biosensors are widely used to quantify gene expression, evaluate delivery systems and assess biodistribution because they provide low-background readouts over a broad dynamic range. The NanoLuc\u2013furimazine system is particularly attractive owing to its high brightness and stability. Ex vivo analysis of organ homogenates offers a controlled approach for measuring tissue-associated reporter activity, yet matrix-dependent effects are often overlooked in quantitative interpretation. Here, we systematically evaluated how mouse organ homogenates affect NanoLuc\u2013furimazine measurements by spiking defined amounts of purified NanoLuc into different organ matrices. Across matrices, optical profiles, blank signals, calibration slopes, and estimated limits of detection and quantification varied, resulting in substantial differences in the measured NanoLuc signal. Further analysis showed that NanoLuc-independent furimazine luminescence arises from lysis-buffer components and protein-containing environments. Matrix-matched blank subtraction reduced background-related bias, whereas matrix-specific calibration demonstrated differences in analytical response, particularly for weak signals and optically dense samples. These findings highlight the extent of matrix-dependent variability in ex vivo NanoLuc measurements and support more accurate interpretation of reporter signals in delivery, biodistribution, biosensing, and gene-expression studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:57:57Z","timestamp":1790611077000},"page":"6135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Matrix Effects on the Quantification of NanoLuc Bioluminescence in Ex Vivo Organ Homogenates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3120-3364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman O.","family":"Melikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Maria O.","family":"Samokhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Yurchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7408-3927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey V.","family":"Orlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5682-5891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim P.","family":"Nikitin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sirius, Russia"},{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs35528d","article-title":"Biosensors: Sense and Sensibility","volume":"42","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. 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