{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:58:42Z","timestamp":1790675922486,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23ym0126092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23ym0126092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP26hk030214h"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26hk030214h"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JP23ym0126092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23ym0126092"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004rtk039","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JP26hk030214h"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26hk030214h"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004rtk039","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Fugl\u2013Meyer Assessment (FMA) and Range of Motion (ROM) are well-known measures for evaluating finger motor function. However, the finger FMA has a narrow scoring range, and goniometer ROM measurements lack reliability. Therefore, we investigated ROM measurement using a 3D motion capture system (Ultraleap Stereo IR 170, Ultraleap Ltd., Bristol, UK, hereinafter referred to as Ultraleap). This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of finger Active ROM (A-ROM) using Ultraleap, and its criterion-related validity compared to a goniometer, in stroke patients with upper limb hemiplegia. A-ROM was evaluated over a 3-day period. For Ultraleap reliability, flexion intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) showed variability (intra-rater: 0.576\u20130.896; inter-rater: 0.426\u20130.841), whereas extension ICCs were \u22650.81 for all joints except the thumb interphalangeal (IP) joint. Regarding criterion-related validity, correlation coefficients ranged from \u22120.0706 to 0.493 for flexion, and 0.698 to 0.814 for extension (excluding the thumb IP joint). Ultraleap extension measurements demonstrated acceptable-to-high reliability and moderate-to-strong correlations with manual goniometry in most joints, except for the thumb IP joint. However, Bland\u2013Altman analyses revealed systematic and proportional biases, indicating limited agreement for absolute ROM values. While the system cannot be directly interchangeable with manual goniometry for absolute ROM assessment, it may serve as an efficient supplementary tool for repeated measurements of finger extension in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:12:42Z","timestamp":1790669562000},"page":"6162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Reliability and Validity of Active Range of Motion Measurement for Fingers Using Three-Dimensional Motion Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7877-4135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saki","family":"Moriguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Itami Kousei Neurosurgical Hospital, Itami 664-0028, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 536-8525, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7130-5528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Takebayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 536-8525, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3388-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jumpei","family":"Arata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8763-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. S. V.","family":"Bandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiko","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Itami Kousei Neurosurgical Hospital, Itami 664-0028, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4428-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichi","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Itami Kousei Neurosurgical Hospital, Itami 664-0028, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Itami Kousei Neurosurgical Hospital, Itami 664-0028, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1990-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobutaka","family":"Mukae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2017.02.012","article-title":"The reliability and measurement error of protractor-based goniometry of the fingers: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Fink","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trejo, R.L., Gonzalez Ramirez, M.L., Vizcarra Corral, L.E., and Marquez, I.R. (2017, January 8\u201311). Hand goniometric measurements using Leap Motion. Proceedings of the 2017 14th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2017.7983095"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nizamis, K., Rijken, N.H.M., Mendes, A., Janssen, M.M.H.P., Bergsma, A., and Koopman, B.F.J.M. (2018). A novel setup and protocol to measure the range of motion of the wrist and the hand. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103230"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01186-9","article-title":"A systematic review of the applications of markerless motion capture (MMC) technology for clinical measurement in rehabilitation","volume":"20","author":"Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1851","article-title":"Accuracy of Video-Based Hand Tracking for People With Upper-Body Disabilities","volume":"32","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980115)17:1<101::AID-SIM727>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies","volume":"17","author":"Walter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandara, D.S.V., and Arata, J. (2023, January 24\u201327). Active range of motion measurement system using an optical sensor to evaluate hand functions. Proceedings of the 2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC40787.2023.10340729"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Neumann, D.A. (2016). Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation, Elsevier Health Sciences. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macionis, V. (2013). Reliability of the standard goniometry and diagrammatic recording of finger joint angles: A comparative study with healthy subjects and non-professional raters. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-17"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106174","article-title":"Use of the Leap Motion Controller\u00ae system in the rehabilitation of the upper limb in stroke: A systematic review","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/46.4.357","article-title":"Motor Testing Procedures in Hemiplegia: Based on Sequential Recovery Stages","volume":"46","author":"Brunnstrom","year":"1966","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2013.02.002","article-title":"The advantages and disadvantages of using high technology in hand rehabilitation","volume":"26","author":"Levanon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/19\/6162\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:14:26Z","timestamp":1790673266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/19\/6162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s26196162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26196162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}}}