{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:13:37Z","timestamp":1792790017190,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. DOT University Transportation Center Transportation Infrastructure Durability Center","award":["UMS-1183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMS-1183"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/028wd8544","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a six-year assessment of the baseline comparability of a Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA)-based sensing textile installed in a composite bridge girder under unloaded field conditions. Six monitoring campaigns collected from 2020 to 2025 were analyzed using campaign-temperature-corrected strain profiles. The known physical segmentation of the sensing path was used to evaluate cross-campaign behavior through segment-wise mean deviation, root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), percentile-based deviation, and position-wise drift-rate metrics. The results show clear segment-dependent variability, with larger deviations occurring mainly in the non-structural lead and return segments than in the bonded structural sensing sections. In the 2025 campaign, the combined bonded structural segments exhibited an RMSD of 292 \u00b5\u03b5 and a 95th-percentile absolute deviation of 508 \u00b5\u03b5. Their mean drift rate was approximately \u221211 \u00b5\u03b5\/year, with a 95th-percentile absolute drift rate of approximately 101 \u00b5\u03b5\/year. These results indicate better long-term baseline repeatability within the bonded sensing path than in the non-structural portions of the measurement chain. However, because temperature correction was based on campaign-average surface measurements rather than a distributed temperature profile, residual thermal effects cannot be fully separated from the observed long-term variation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:25:42Z","timestamp":1790760342000},"page":"6198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term BOTDA Baseline Assessment of a Fiber Optic Sensing Textile on a Composite Bridge Girder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0155-5926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7540-4855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lidan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Abedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Abazarsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tzuyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3436-9266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bado, M.F., and Casas, J.R. 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