{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:56:18Z","timestamp":1790769378355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project","award":["grant number 20230204093YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 20230204093YY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sparse voltage measurements make fault-bus localization depend on measurement placement and the physical distinguishability of location labels. We evaluate a deterministic, label-independent topology-guided placement protocol with physically governed localization classes and leakage-resistant condition-level validation on IEEE39 and IEEE123. In the original base protocols, topology-guided CNN1D Top-1 accuracy exceeded the prespecified primary-random layouts by 4.55 and 1.67 percentage points, respectively, although both paired bus-by-condition intervals included zero. In the reviewer-driven 1701-event IEEE39 physical-condition extension, Top-1 was 0.3683 for topology-guided placement and 0.3564 for primary random; the paired difference was +0.0119 with a 95% interval of \u22120.0493 to 0.0898, which also included zero. Separately, complete enumeration of all 84 feasible IEEE39 k = 3 layouts ranked the topology-guided layout first in Top-1 accuracy, Macro-F1, and mean-hop error under the frozen CNN1D protocol. Load-shift tests produced near-chance Top-1 values, and resistance-shift performance was lower at 20 \u03a9 than at 0.1 \u03a9. Fixed-capacity, classifier, noise, timing, confusion, and topology-error analyses further bounded the result. The evidence supports reproducible pre-training measurement planning within the tested simulations without establishing statistically certain or universal superiority.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:59:25Z","timestamp":1790765965000},"page":"6203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Topology-Guided Sparse Voltage Measurement Placement for Transient-Voltage Fault-Bus Localization: A Physically Governed Dual-System Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jisheng","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhankun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raza, A., Benrabah, A., Alquthami, T., and Akmal, M. 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