{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:49:53Z","timestamp":1791521393949,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Science and Technology Project Funding of State Grid Technology Co., Ltd","award":["J2025138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J2025138"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lithium-ion batteries can undergo rapid and spatially nonuniform temperature variations during high-rate operation, requiring multi-point temperature monitoring with high temporal resolution for effective thermal management. This work presents a high-speed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature monitoring system based on a reconstruction-equivalent-chirp distributed feedback (REC-DFB) laser array. The developed 24-channel REC-DFB laser array, integrated with an on-chip optical combiner and semiconductor optical amplifier, achieves a continuous wavelength-sweeping range of approximately 50 nm, with a tuning range of approximately 2.4 nm per channel and channel power equalization. To suppress temperature\u2013strain cross-sensitivity caused by battery deformation, strain-isolated FBG temperature sensors with polyimide packaging are developed, exhibiting sensitivities of 9.7\u201310.4 pm\/\u00b0C over 20\u201380 \u00b0C with coefficients of determination (R2) above 0.998. Battery experiments are performed at discharge rates up to 4 C, with simultaneous FBG and thermocouple measurements at the top, middle, and bottom positions. The proposed system achieves an interrogation rate of 5 kHz and shows good agreement with thermocouples under slowly varying thermal conditions. During rapid thermal transients at 4 C, the peak temperature rises measured by the FBGs are 2.1\u20132.6 \u00b0C higher than those measured by the thermocouples, while a maximum temperature-rise difference of 5.98 \u00b0C is observed across the battery surface. These results demonstrate the capability of the proposed all-solid-state, mechanically scan-free system for high-speed, multi-point monitoring of dynamic and spatially nonuniform thermal behavior in lithium-ion batteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:01:19Z","timestamp":1790773279000},"page":"6215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Speed FBG Interrogation for Multi-Point Lithium-Ion Battery Temperature Monitoring Using a REC-DFB Laser Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaichuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation of the Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Precision Photonics Integration and System Application of the Ministry of Education, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University-Tongding Joint Lab for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2017.05.013","article-title":"Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6924","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7924","article-title":"In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway","volume":"6","author":"Finegan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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