{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:54:27Z","timestamp":1790916867229,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program","award":["QKHJC-MS [2026]311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKHJC-MS [2026]311"]}]},{"name":"Policy Guidance Project of Guanshanhu District","award":["GKHT [2024]06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GKHT [2024]06"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province","award":["ZK [2021]YB270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK [2021]YB270"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prebaked anodes are critical consumables in primary aluminum electrolysis, where their internal integrity dictates cell efficiency and operational stability. Conventional defect characterization relies on destructive sampling, which inherently causes material degradation and offers poor reproducibility. Existing nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are frequently limited by prohibitive costs and poor in-situ scalability. To address these challenges, this study proposes a nondestructive imaging strategy using open electrical impedance tomography (OEIT). In the DC limit employed here, the method is equivalent to open electrical resistance tomography (OERT): a constant direct current is injected, so that only the resistive contrast of the anode is exploited. A dedicated OEIT mathematical model for prebaked anodes is established, systematically detailing the signal acquisition scheme, forward problem formulation, and inverse problem regularization. By integrating conventional image reconstruction algorithms, a customized measurement procedure and a specific inversion algorithm are developed to enable the visual reconstruction of internal anomalies. The efficacy of the proposed methodology is examined through numerical simulations and benchtop experiments. Results indicate that, for the two defects examined, the approach can localize defects in the in-plane directions and approximately recover their morphology, providing a preliminary basis for further development toward online inspection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:20:59Z","timestamp":1790781659000},"page":"6225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nondestructive Characterization of Internal Defects in Prebaked Anodes Using Open Electrical Impedance Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guiyang Aluminum Magnesium Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8853-4338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingquan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4539-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongchao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zuhuai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guiyang Aluminum Magnesium Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124120","article-title":"An Environmental-Friendly Process for Dissociating Toxic Substances and Recovering Valuable Components from Spent Carbon Cathode","volume":"404","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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