{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:56:32Z","timestamp":1790934992453,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early screening of many types of cancers remains limited by the invasiveness of gold-standard tissue biopsies and the poor specificity of traditional clinical biomarkers like prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Non-invasive liquid biopsies are the emerging alternatives. Urine is one of the preferred body fluids for liquid biopsy as it offers a rich, easily accessible and large-volume source of cancer-specific metabolites, proteins, nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles, and cancer cells. This review reports the recent advancements in urinary cancer (bio)sensing technologies, including mainly optical and electrochemical platforms. To overcome the low specificity and detectability of the existing systems, novel nanomaterials, such as metal\u2013organic frameworks, carbon dots, metal nanoparticles, and molecularly imprinted polymers, that offer increased surface area, cost-effectiveness and enzyme-free platforms, as well as accelerated electron transfer, were introduced to provide lower detection limits to the femtomolar and attomolar levels. Additionally, the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence for biochemical \u201cfingerprint\u201d analysis enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Finally, we discuss the gap between novel sensing systems and robust diagnostic devices for decentralized point-of-care testing (POCT) and personalized medicine in clinical routine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:10:48Z","timestamp":1790932248000},"page":"6258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Urinary Liquid Biopsy: A Review of Emerging Sensing Platforms for Early Cancer Screening and Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-3018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Lamprou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Chemistry & Nanotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2480-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Papakyriakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Chemistry & Nanotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9638-8713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despina P.","family":"Kalogianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Chemistry & Nanotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105519","article-title":"Urinary Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnosis and Surveillance: From Analytical Promise to Clinical Utility","volume":"227","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol.\/Hematol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.20250547","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of Narrow-Band Imaging and Photodynamic Diagnosis Compared to White Light Cystoscopy for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials","volume":"67","author":"Choi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.116551","article-title":"Electrochemical Immunosensor Using a Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-90-Modified Electrode for Detection of CA 19\u20139 in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"220","author":"Arefian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02021-w","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy in Cancer: Current Status, Challenges and Future Prospects","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlb.2026.100462","article-title":"Harmonizing Definitions in Liquid Biopsy: A Terminology Framework by the International Society of Liquid Biopsy","volume":"12","author":"Gandara","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Liq. Biopsy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurmukhanbetova, A., Sultanbekov, K., Umurzakov, K., Gassanov, Z., Duisenbayeva, A., Talas, A., Shaikenova, L., and Bolatov, A. (2026). Urinary Biomarkers in Urological Oncology: From Biological Origin to Clinical Decision-Making\u2014A Narrative Review. Diagnostics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16172810"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Chen, H., Yuan, Q., Yin, L., Tao, Y., Wang, H., Xue, Y., Fu, D., Pang, H., and Chong, T. (2026). Toward Prostate Cancer Early Warning with a Self-Powered Wearable Biosensing Platform Integrated with Machine Learning. Adv. Sci., e24234.","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202524234"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.180867","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of MOF-Derived Graphitic Carbon-Decorated NiVO4 as an Ultra-Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Non-Enzymatic Detection of Sarcosine","volume":"1030","author":"Rasheed","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5467","DOI":"10.1039\/D4AY01066C","article-title":"An Electrochemical Ratiometric Immunosensor for the Detection of NMP22 Based on ZIF-8@MWCNTs@Chit@Fc@AuNPs and AuPt-MB","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2026.127530","article-title":"Non-Invasive Detection of Gastric Cancer Biomarker 4-HBA via a ZIF\/CDs-Based Fluorescent Sensor","volume":"352","author":"Jie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-08043-y","article-title":"From Feasibility to Translational Pathways: A Bibliometric and Knowledge-Mapping Analysis of Urine-Based Liquid Biopsy in Urologic Cancers (2015\u20132025)","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-026-01767-6","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy in Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: Current Biomarkers, Emerging Technologies, and Future Perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2011.05.013","article-title":"Urine Metabolomics for Kidney Cancer Detection and Biomarker Discovery","volume":"29","author":"Ganti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"232","article-title":"Urinary Metabolites for Urological Cancer Detection: A Review on the Application of Volatile Organic Compounds for Cancers","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Exp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.118545","article-title":"High-Throughput Screening of Bladder Cancer Exosome Biomarkers by Barcodes Integrated Herringbone Microfluidics","volume":"302","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"12254","article-title":"Three-Dimensional DNA Hydrogel Mediated Dual-Mode Sensing Method for Quantification of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule in Biological Fluid Samples","volume":"96","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2026.127542","article-title":"A Dual-Mode Sensing Platform Based on Bifunctional Iron-Doped Carbon Dots for Sarcosine Detection","volume":"352","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.112429","article-title":"Novel Biosensor for Sarcosine Detection in Prostate Cancer: Combining Molecular Imprinted Polymer and Aptamer Strategies","volume":"208","author":"Hamdi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c03250","article-title":"Next-Gen Point-of-Care Tool for Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Urinary Spermine for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Dehghani","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18519","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c04402","article-title":"Electroactivated SERS Nanoplatform for Rapid and Sensitive Detection and Identification of Tumor-Derived Exosome MiRNA","volume":"96","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70385","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70385","article-title":"Carboxylic Acid\u2013Functionalized \u03b2-Ketoenamine Linked Porous Organic Polymer Based Fluorescent Immunoassay for Prostate Cancer Detection","volume":"40","author":"Prasad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2408825","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202408825","article-title":"Intelligent Screening of Prostate Cancer Individuals Using an Enzyme-Assisted Multicolor Visualization Platform","volume":"12","author":"Teng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2023.07.004","article-title":"Current Advances of Liquid Biopsies in Prostate Cancer: Molecular Biomarkers","volume":"30","author":"Alahdal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07762","article-title":"Metabolomic Profiles Delineate Potential Role for Sarcosine in Prostate Cancer Progression","volume":"457","author":"Sreekumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2010.01.035","article-title":"Sarcosine in Urine after Digital Rectal Examination Fails as a Marker in Prostate Cancer Detection and Identification of Aggressive Tumours","volume":"58","author":"Jentzmik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.110982","article-title":"Smartphone-Assisted Portable Paper-Based Biosensors for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Biomarkers in Urine","volume":"204","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1039\/D4QI00841C","article-title":"A Highly Sensitive Zr-MOF Mediated Multi-Enzyme Cascade Platform for the Colorimetric and Fluorescent Dual-Signal Determination of Sarcosine","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.10.111","article-title":"2D Fe\/Co-MOF\/SOX Cascade Reactors for Fast Noninvasive Detection of Sarcosine Level in Prostate Cancer Urine","volume":"679","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06771-w","article-title":"Distance-Based Analytical Device Integrated with Carbon Nanomaterials for Sarcosine Quantification in Human Samples","volume":"191","author":"Leelasattarathkul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2023.2195187","article-title":"Novel Chemiluminescence Sensing for the Visual Detection of Sarcosine Based Upon an Iron-Based Metal\u2013Organic Gel with Peroxidase-like Activity","volume":"57","author":"Jing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342586","article-title":"Dual-Mode Fluorescence and Colorimetric Smartphone-Based Sensing Platform with Oxidation-Induced Self-Assembled Nanoflowers for Sarcosine Detection","volume":"1306","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.177619","article-title":"CuS@CeO2 Plasmonic Nanozymes Enable Dual-Mode and Noninvasive Detection of Urinary Sarcosine for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"541","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.11.179","article-title":"Highly Specific Colorimetric Detection of Sarcosine Using Surface Molecular Imprinted Zn\/Ce-ZIF","volume":"681","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05472","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202505472","article-title":"Multilayered Sandwich Structure Sensor: Confinement-Mediated H2O2 Enrichment Strategy for Ultrasensitive and Long-Term Stable Prostate Cancer Biomarker Detection","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118322","article-title":"Dual-Mode Smart Sensing of Sarcosine by Integrating Nanozyme-Mediated Electrochemical and Smartphone-Readable Colorimetric Assays","volume":"295","author":"You","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.123134","article-title":"Cellulose Nanofibers\/Polyacrylic Acid Hydrogels Integrated with a 3D Printed Strip: A Platform for Screening Prostate Cancer via Sarcosine Detection","volume":"352","author":"Passornraprasit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c00102","article-title":"Fluorescence Turn-On Sensing of Leucine Using Bimetallic Cu-Ag Nanoclusters: A Potential Non-Invasive Biomarker for Cancer Detection","volume":"8","author":"Indongo","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2025.125981","article-title":"Fe(III)-Quenched Cysteine-Capped Copper Nanoclusters as a Selective Fluorescence Turn-on Sensor for Valine: A Potential Cancer Biomarker Candidate","volume":"335","author":"Indongo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.14262","article-title":"Urinary Amino Acid Profiling as a Non-Invasive Diagnostic and Risk Stratification Tool in Prostate Cancer","volume":"40","author":"Zdobinska","year":"2026","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.1039\/D6AY00473C","article-title":"Fluorescence-Colorimetric Dual-Mode Detection of Cysteine in Artificial Urine with Potential Relevance to Cervical Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2022.11.005","article-title":"Metabolomics for the Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Korkes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2024.125568","article-title":"Biogenic Synthesis of N-Doped Carbon Dots from S. Cumini Seeds for Prostate Cancer Biomarker Citrate Detection, Its Live Cancer Cell Imaging","volume":"329","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2024.112411","article-title":"4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Specific Fluorescent Sensor Based on N,S-Doped Carbon Dots@molecularly Imprinted Polymer","volume":"232","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dye Pigments"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.113935","article-title":"Molecularly Imprinted Fluorescence Sensor Based on Fe3O4\/CDs@MIPs for Detecting the Gastric Cancer Marker p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid","volume":"214","author":"Jie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.16116","article-title":"Scoring System for Diagnosis and Pretreatment Risk Assessment of Neuroblastoma Using Urinary Biomarker Combinations","volume":"115","author":"Amano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14240","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CC03667K","article-title":"Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Vanillylmandelic Acid Based on a Luminescent Fourteen-Metal Tb(Iii) Planar Nanocluster","volume":"60","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buglak, A.A., Kapitonova, M.A., Vechtomova, Y.L., and Telegina, T.A. (2022). Insights into Molecular Structure of Pterins Suitable for Biomedical Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315222"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10526","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.6c00266","article-title":"Construction of a 19-Metal Cd(II)\u2013Eu(III) Nanocluster for Visual and Real-Time Detection of Biopterin (a Cancer Marker) through Smartphone Scanning","volume":"65","author":"Lan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-025-07103-2","article-title":"Fluorescence \u2018Turn-on\u2019 Sensing of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Using Graphene Oxide-Quenched Copper Nanoclusters","volume":"192","author":"Indongo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c01694","article-title":"Ultrasensitive ImmunoMag-CRISPR Lateral Flow Assay for Point-of-Care Testing of Urinary Biomarkers","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-025-01030-2","article-title":"A Rapid Urinary Test for Combining PSA and Zinc to Enhance Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: Results from a Prospective Study","volume":"29","author":"Amparore","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18735","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c03409","article-title":"Indicator-Free Detection of Hyaluronidase Based on a Conductivity-Regulated Bipolar Electrochemiluminescence Platform","volume":"97","author":"Ni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(00)00053-X","article-title":"Tumor-Promoting Functions of Adenosine","volume":"87","author":"Spychala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, W.Y., Chen, C.J., Huang, Y.C., Tsai, F.J., Jeng, L.B., and Lai, C.C. (2013). Urinary Nucleosides as Biomarkers of Breast, Colon, Lung, and Gastric Cancer in Taiwanese. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081701"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.03.014","article-title":"Label-Free Fluorescence Dual-Amplified Detection of Adenosine Based on Exonuclease III-Assisted DNA Cycling and Hybridization Chain Reaction","volume":"70","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-025-07572-5","article-title":"A Dual Signal Amplification Strategy of Au@ZIF67 Catalysis and Target Cycle Amplification for Sensitive Chemiluminescence Detection of Adenosine","volume":"192","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2021.1958743","article-title":"Quantifying RNA Modifications by Mass Spectrometry: A Novel Source of Biomarkers in Oncology","volume":"59","author":"Amalric","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.10.015","article-title":"N1-Methyladenosine Formation, Gene Regulation, Biological Functions, and Clinical Relevance","volume":"31","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2010.07.031","article-title":"Altered Levels of Nucleoside Metabolite Profiles in Urogenital Tract Cancer Measured by Capillary Electrophoresis","volume":"53","author":"Markuszewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603164","article-title":"Modified Nucleosides: An Accurate Tumour Marker for Clinical Diagnosis of Cancer, Early Detection and Therapy Control","volume":"94","author":"Seidel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202500105","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202500105","article-title":"A Fluorescent Aptasensor for Sensitive and Selective Determination of Epigenetic Cancer Biomarker N1-Methyladenosine in Urine Samples","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem.-Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-025-2771-7","article-title":"Differential Sensing of Base Modifications in RNA Nucleosides for Accurate Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"68","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310225","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202310225","article-title":"Engineering of a DNA\/\u03b3PNA Hybrid Nanoreporter for ctDNA Mutation Detection via \u03b3PNA Urinalysis","volume":"11","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Wu, B., Li, X., Jin, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, B., Zhang, Z., and Li, N. (2025). Integrated Device for Cancer Nucleic Acid Biomarker Detection at Body Temperature. Micromachines, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16020192"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4803","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-024-03898-0","article-title":"Dual Detection of MicroRNAs by a Signal-Off Colorimetric Nanobiosensor Based on Novel Split DNAzyme Nanostructure","volume":"35","author":"Asadollahi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c05829","article-title":"Programmable DNA Nanoswitch-Regulated Plasmonic CRISPR\/Cas12a-Gold Nanostars Reporter Platform for Nucleic Acid and Non-Nucleic Acid Biomarker Analysis Assisted by a Spatial Confinement Effect","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15861","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c04898","article-title":"Hydrogel-Based Microdroplet Ensembles Encapsulating Multiplexed EXPAR Assays for Trichromic Digital Profiling of MicroRNAs and in-Depth Classification of Primary Urethral Cancers","volume":"24","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"26297","article-title":"All-in-One Fusogenic Nanoreactor for the Rapid Detection of Exosomal MicroRNAs for Breast Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14440","article-title":"Accurate Quantification of Urinary Metabolites for Predictive Models Manifest Clinicopathology of Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"111","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zhang, M., Liu, X., Sun, H., Guo, Z., Tang, X., Wang, Z., Li, J., Li, H., and Sun, W. (2019). Urine Metabolomics for Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Prediction: Tryptophan Metabolism as an Important Pathway in RCC. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00663"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"553","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy Testing in Urological Cancers: Focus on Urine","volume":"43","author":"Pisapia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307262","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202307262","article-title":"Colorimetric Detection of HER2-Overexpressing-Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Mouse Urine Using Magnetic-Polydiacetylene Nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900211","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2026.3672359","article-title":"Automated Optofluidic Analysis of Single Extracellular Vesicles for Organoid Culture Monitoring","volume":"32","author":"Losakul","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116347","article-title":"Deep Learning-Assisted Monitoring of Trastuzumab Efficacy in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer via SERS Immunoassays of Tumor-Derived Urinary Exosomal Biomarkers","volume":"258","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115915","article-title":"Early-Stage Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning Algorithms in a Rat Model","volume":"246","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04809-9","article-title":"EpCAM Tumor Specificity and Proteoform Patterns in Urothelial Cancer","volume":"149","author":"Dressler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128139","article-title":"Detection of Hyaluronidase in Urine Using Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Silver Nanoparticles-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer","volume":"294","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7140","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16396","article-title":"PH-Responsive Triplex DNA Nanoswitches: Surface Plasmon Resonance Platform for Bladder Cancer-Associated MicroRNAs","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24030","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2025.3561588","article-title":"Early Detection and Screening of Bladder Cancer Based on a Novel Optical Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116672","article-title":"Simultaneous Noninvasive Ultrasensitive Detection of Prostate Specific Antigen and LncRNA PCA3 Using Multiplexed Dual Optical Microfibers with Strong Plasmonic Nanointerfaces","volume":"264","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000447225","article-title":"Detecting Novel Urine Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BB as a Possible New Target","volume":"12","author":"Skarmoutsos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.110913","article-title":"Label-Free Detection of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB via Liquid Crystal\/Aqueous Interface Functionalized Using a Double-Stranded DNA Probe","volume":"203","author":"Duong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035021","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7647\/adeb20","article-title":"Biosensor for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Detection Using Gold Nanoparticles-Decorated Tapered Optical Fiber","volume":"7","author":"Gomez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2024.108839","article-title":"Laccase Mimetics as Sensing Elements for Amperometric Assay of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid in Urine","volume":"161","author":"Demkiv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2025.109074","article-title":"A Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor for Bladder Tumor Marker NMP22 Using AuNPs@OMC and Thi@Gr-COOH Nanocomposites","volume":"167","author":"Junlapak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2024.129412","article-title":"Detection of Uterine Cancer Biomarker EGFR through an Aptasensor Utilizing a Carbon Electrode Modified with Silver Nanowires","volume":"319","author":"Sana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2026.118289","article-title":"Amperometric Detection of Sarcosine and Creatinine Using Creatinine Deiminase and Sarcosine Oxidase Coupled with NCuCd Nanozyme","volume":"225","author":"Stasyuk","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76267","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.76267","article-title":"Molecular Recognition to Macroscopic Strain Transduction: A Novel Cross-Scale Interfacial Sensing Strategy for Point-of-Care Prostate Cancer Surveillance","volume":"36","author":"Yao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14580","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c00843","article-title":"Rapid Near-Patient Impedimetric Sensing Platform for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Dehghani","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prnil.2023.07.003","article-title":"Urine Spermine and Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Prediction of Prostate Cancer in Japanese Men","volume":"11","author":"Isotani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prostate Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, R.E., Lavezzi, E., Jaafar, S., Cristofolini, G., Laffi, A., Nappo, G., Carrara, S., Bertuzzi, A.F., Uccella, S., and Repici, A. (2023). Urinary 5-Hydroxyindolacetic Acid Measurements in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumor-Related Carcinoid Syndrome: State of the Art. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15164065"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"100909","article-title":"Nickel Monoligand-MOF Modified Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Neuroblastoma Biomarker Homovanillic Acid","volume":"50","author":"Soliman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Biosens. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.137305","article-title":"Bifunctional Strategy Based on MoS2\/N,S-CQDs\/Bi2S3 Nanocomposite Photosensitive Materials: Ultrasensitive Detection of Prostate Antigens and Preliminary Design of a Portable Detector","volume":"430","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118144","article-title":"Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Screen-Printed Electrode with Bioengineered Surface for Voltammetric Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Oncological Urine Samples","volume":"293","author":"Rizwan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashmi, A.A., Hussain, Z.F., Irfan, M., Khan, E.Y., Faridi, N., Naqvi, H., Khan, A., and Edhi, M.M. (2018). Prognostic Significance of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) over Expression in Urothelial Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder. BMC Urol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-018-0373-0"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2026.139623","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Selective Determination of Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 Based on an Epitope Imprinted Electrochemical Biosensor","volume":"455","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"2967","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Cascade Enzyme Immunoassay Electrochemical Microfluidic Chip for Early Screening of Prostate Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Ai","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.129322","article-title":"Multiplexed 3D-RGO\/AuNP Electrochemical Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Urinary PSMA in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"301","author":"Koudehi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2026.146192","article-title":"An APTES-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticle\u2013Based Immunosensor for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"1367","author":"Kahraman","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.70132","article-title":"Cost-Effective and User-Friendly Pencil Graphite Electrode Immunosensor for Label-Free Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen","volume":"73","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.170299","article-title":"Label-Free Low-Level Detection of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Using a Multicomponent 2D\/0D Ternary Nanohybrid-Based Biosensor","volume":"525","author":"Parambil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.169463","article-title":"Electrochemical Urine Biopsy with a Peptide\/Peptide Nucleic Acid Tandem Probe for Cathepsin B Analysis","volume":"524","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"100462","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Prostate Cancer Marker PCA3 Detection with Impedimetric Biosensor Based on Specific Label-Free Aptamers","volume":"18","author":"Takita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron. X"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokni, M., Tlili, A., Khalij, Y., Attia, G., Zerrouki, C., Hmida, W., Othmane, A., Bouslama, A., Omezzine, A., and Fourati, N. (2024). Designing a Simple Electrochemical Genosensor for the Detection of Urinary PCA3, a Prostate Cancer Biomarker. Micromachines, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15050602"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, S.T., Chiou, Y.E., Lim, J., Zhang, Y.C., Zeng, W.Z., Ong, T.A., and Weng, W.H. (2024). Urinary MicroRNA-21 for Prostate Cancer Detection Using a Silver Nanoparticle Sensor: A Promising Diagnostic Tool. Biosensors, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14120599"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.160264","article-title":"Miniaturized and Portable Device for Noninvasive, Ultrasensitive and Point-of-Care Diagnosis by Engineered Metal-Carbide-Based Field Effect Transistor","volume":"506","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2026.119990","article-title":"Dual-Mode Electrochemical and Electrochemiluminescent Strategy for MicroRNA-183 Detection on Polyacrylamide-Grafted Magnetic Nanocomposite","volume":"1009","author":"Fayisa","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12126","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202512126","article-title":"Rapid Decentralized Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification by Portable Liquid Biopsy Analysis within a Clinical Biosensor Validation Framework","volume":"13","author":"Koo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117791","article-title":"A Capacitance Biosensor for Prostate Cancer Detection via Normalised Urinary Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"288","author":"Permpoka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.116194","article-title":"Flexible Electrochemical Aptasensor for Exosome Detection Utilizing MOF-Derived Porous Carbon Nanosheets and Silver-Carbon Ink","volume":"219","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-025-07761-2","article-title":"Non-Invasive Urine-Based Detection of PSMA-Positive Exosomes Using a Dual-Aptamer Electrochemical Aptasensor for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"193","author":"Omidfar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arasaradnam, R.P., Krishnamoorthy, A., Hull, M.A., Wheatstone, P., Kvasnik, F., and Persaud, K.C. (2025). The Development and Optimisation of a Urinary Volatile Organic Compound Analytical Platform Using Gas Sensor Arrays for the Detection of Colorectal Cancer. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25030599"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.138967","article-title":"A Hyaluronidase Detection Platform Combined with Enzyme-Responsive Hydrogel and Periodic Magnetic-Modulated Electrochemical Analysis System","volume":"448","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-025-07784-9","article-title":"A High-Throughput Photothermal Aptasensing Platform Using MnO2@CuS Nanoprobes for Noninvasive Detection of Bladder Cancer Cells in Simulated Liquid Biopsy","volume":"193","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342899","article-title":"Machine Learning Assisted Microfluidics Dual Fluorescence Flow Cytometry for Detecting Bladder Tumor Cells Based on Morphological Characteristic Parameters","volume":"1317","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8301","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c06468","article-title":"Design of Multi-Cancer VOCs Profiling Platform via a Deep Learning-Assisted Sensing Library Screening Strategy","volume":"97","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6c00794","article-title":"Urine-Based Noninvasive Detection of Prostate Cancer Using Human Olfactory Receptor-Embedded Nanodiscs","volume":"11","author":"Yoo","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buhas, B.A., Toma, V., Beauval, J.B., Andras, I., Cou\u021bi, R., Muntean, L.A.M., Coman, R.T., Maghiar, T.A., \u0218tiufiuc, R.I., and Lucaciu, C.M. (2024). Label-Free SERS of Urine Components: A Powerful Tool for Discriminating Renal Cell Carcinoma through Multivariate Analysis and Machine Learning Techniques. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073891"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.135828","article-title":"Whole Urine-Based Multiple Cancer Diagnosis and Metabolite Profiling Using 3D Evolutionary Gold Nanoarchitecture Combined with Machine Learning-Assisted SERS","volume":"412","author":"Linh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.173116","article-title":"A Single Urine Test-Based SERS\u2013AI\u2013BAM for on-Site Multiple Cancer Diagnosis and Metabolite Profiling","volume":"530","author":"Seo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2026.139606","article-title":"Machine Learning-Assisted Electrochemical SERS for Sensitive Detection of Multiple Urinary Proteins","volume":"454","author":"Shoukat","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202506744","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202506744","article-title":"An All-in-One Nanohole Array for Size-Exclusive Trapping and High-Throughput Digital Counting of Single Extracellular Vesicles for Non-Invasive Cancer Screening","volume":"64","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.116341","article-title":"Electrochemical Biosensor with ML Model for the Early Prediction of Breast Cancer from Urine: Preliminary Outcomes","volume":"220","author":"Prithweeraj","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, J.K.C., V\u00e1squez, C.A.C., Acevedo, C.M.D., and Llecha, J.B. (2024). Assessing Data Fusion in Sensory Devices for Enhanced Prostate Cancer Detection Accuracy. Chemosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors12110228"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n Acevedo, C.M., Carrillo G\u00f3mez, J.K., Cuastumal Vasquez, C.A., and Ramos, J. (2024). Prostate Cancer Detection in Colombian Patients through E-Senses Devices in Exhaled Breath and Urine Samples. Chemosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors12010011"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.115589","article-title":"Approach to Non-Invasive Screening of Kidney and Prostate Cancer via Potentiometric Multisensor Urine Analysis and Machine Learning","volume":"218","author":"Yuskina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.109792","article-title":"SPR Biosensing: Cancer Diagnosis and Biomarkers Quantification","volume":"197","author":"Swami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12102","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.012102","article-title":"Recovery of Raman Spectra with Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Using Wiener Estimation","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c03074","article-title":"Noise Management of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Two-Dimensional Materials","volume":"11","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12645","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.485021","article-title":"Enhancement of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Fiber-Optics Based SERS Detection by Rough-Cutting the End Surface","volume":"31","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrajnowska, D., and Bobrowska-Korczak, B. (2024). The Effects of Diet, Dietary Supplements, Drugs and Exercise on Physical, Diagnostic Values of Urine Characteristics. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183141"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0069","article-title":"Urine Collection and Processing for Protein Biomarker Discovery and Quantification","volume":"19","author":"Sexton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2024_240328N140","article-title":"Mouse Models for Cancer Research\u2014Current State and the Perspective","volume":"71","author":"Gercakova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neoplasma"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/19\/6258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:13:12Z","timestamp":1790932392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/19\/6258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s26196258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26196258","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}}}