{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:08:32Z","timestamp":1791209312631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equivalent circuit models are crucial for estimating the performance of piezoelectric transducers. Certain techniques, such as electrical impedance matching between the transmitter and piezoelectric transducers, help optimize the performance of ultrasound systems. In addition, a straightforward model analysis is important for fabricating high-performance piezoelectric transducers. In this study, the presented Mason, Krimholtz\u2013Leedom\u2013Matthaei (KLM), and Butterworth\u2013van Dyke (BVD) models and other modified equivalent circuit models used in piezoelectric transducers were analyzed with specific component parameters. In addition, specific parameters are provided when selecting certain equivalent circuit models. Therefore, ultrasound transducer and circuit designers can determine the type of equivalent circuit model to be used for enhancing the performance of the ultrasound transducer or system for medical ultrasound applications. The information provided by the equivalent circuit model could be helpful in fabricating mechanical piezoelectric transducers or designing electrical impedance-matching circuits in ultrasound systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:47:07Z","timestamp":1791208027000},"page":"6299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Equivalent Circuit Models of the Piezoelectric Transducers for Medical Ultrasound Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1955-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hojong","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2024.107377","article-title":"Design and prediction of laser-induced damage threshold of CNT\u2013PDMS optoacoustic transducer","volume":"142","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kripfgans, O.D., and Chan, H.-L. (2020). Ultrasonic Imaging: Physics and Mechanism, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51288-0_1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16140","article-title":"Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ameliorates Ischemic Heart Failure Related to the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway","volume":"42","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2025.3612985","article-title":"Development of an Integrated Gamma-Ultrasound (\u03b3 -US) Probe Detector and Multiplexed Readout for Simultaneous \u03b3-US Detection","volume":"72","author":"Ullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2631224","article-title":"A Modulated Excitation Imaging System for Intravascular Ultrasound","volume":"64","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shutilov, V.A., and Alferieff, M.E. (2020). Fundamental Physics of Ultrasound, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429332227"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H. (2025). Protection Circuit Design for Ultrasound Transducers. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15042141"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Arnau, A. (2004). Piezoelectric Transducers and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.u.58.1.16970","article-title":"Power amplifier for ultrasonic transducer excitation","volume":"58","author":"Svilainis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultragarsas\/Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2019.2898256","article-title":"Cable-Shared Dual-Frequency Catheter for Intravascular Ultrasound","volume":"66","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postema, M. (2011). Fundamentals of Medical Ultrasound, Taylor and Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482266641"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2014.06.001","article-title":"Piezoelectric single crystal ultrasonic transducers for biomedical applications","volume":"66","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shung, K.K. (2015). Diagnostic Ultrasound: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b18323"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Nakamura, K. (2012). Ultrasonic Transducers: Materials and Design for Sensors, Actuators and Medical Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H. (2024). Design of Preamplifier for Ultrasound Transducers. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24030786"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Suri, J.S., Kathuria, C., Chang, R.-F., Molinar, F., and Fenster, A. (2008). Advances in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound Imaging, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H. (2023). Power Amplifier Design for Ultrasound Applications. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14071342"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erhart, J., P\u016flp\u00e1n, P., and Pustka, M. (2017). Piezoelectric Ceramic Resonators, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42481-1"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Edelman, S.K. (2012). Understanding Ultrasound Physics, Baker & Taylor."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Uchino, K. (2017). Advanced Piezoelectric Materials: Science and Technology, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safari, A., and Akdogan, E.K. (2008). Piezoelectric and Acoustic Materials for Transducer Applications, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76540-2"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Vijaya, M. (2016). Piezoelectric Materials and Devices: Applications in Engineering and Medical Sciences, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Szabo, T.L. (2013). Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: Inside Out, Elsevier Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2010.09.001","article-title":"Piezoelectric films for high frequency ultrasonic transducers in biomedical applications","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Gallego-Ju\u00e1rez, J.A., Graff, K.F., and Lucas, M. (2023). Power Ultrasonics: Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasound, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenster, A. (2023). 3D Ultrasound Devices, Applications, and Algorithms, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003299462"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mattiat, O.E. (2013). Ultrasonic Transducer Materials, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Mason, W.P. (2013). Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albulet, M. (2001). RF Power Amplifiers, SciTech Publishing.","DOI":"10.1049\/SBEW030E"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Grebennikov, A. (2005). RF and Microwave Power Amplifier Design, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmani-Andebili, M. (2022). Advanced Electrical Circuit Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78540-6"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Cripps, S.C. (2006). RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Bugg, D.V. (2021). Electronics: Circuits, Amplifiers and Gates, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/T-SU.1971.29608","article-title":"Equivalent circuits for transducers having arbitrary even-or odd-symmetry piezoelectric excitation","volume":"18","author":"Leedom","year":"1971","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/T-UFFC.1986.26832","article-title":"Implementation of Mason\u2019s model on circuit analysis programs","volume":"33","author":"Morris","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Lee, T.H. (2006). The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1109\/58.248213","article-title":"Ultrasonic transducers as a black-box: Equivalent circuit synthesis and matching network design","volume":"40","author":"Capineri","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/58.265821","article-title":"Controlled-source analogous circuits and SPICE models for piezoelectric transducers","volume":"41","author":"Leach","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.35.3231","article-title":"Transmission Line Model Equivalent Circuit for Piezoelectric Transducers Including the Effect of Electrical Terminal Impedance","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/58.585191","article-title":"SPICE model for lossy piezoceramic transducers","volume":"44","author":"Puttmer","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00067-9","article-title":"PSPICE approach for designing the ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer for medical diagnostic applications","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, K., and Choi, H. (2020). Wide Bandwidth Class-S Power Amplifiers for Ultrasonic Devices. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010290"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mingjie, G., and Wei-Hsin, L. (2004). Studies on the circuit models of piezoelectric ceramics. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Acquisition, 2004, Hefei, China, 21\u201325 June 2004, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIA.2004.1373314"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2005","article-title":"Piezoceramic Materials for Ultrasonic Probes","volume":"28","author":"Fattah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Solids"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Hella, M.M., and Ismail, M. (2006). RF CMOS Power Amplifiers: Theory, Design and Implementation, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Sechi, F., and Bujatti, M. (2009). Solid-State Microwave High-Power Amplifiers, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2006.05.129","article-title":"A KLM\u2013circuit model of a multi-layer transducer for acoustic bladder volume measurements","volume":"44","author":"Merks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.10.053","article-title":"An impedance measurement system for piezoelectric array element transducers","volume":"97","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Kim, J., Grisso, B.L., Kim, J.K., Ha, D.S., and Inman, D.J. (2008). Electrical modeling of piezoelectric ceramics for analysis and evaluation of sensory systems. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, Atlana, GA, USA, 2008, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2011.2132","article-title":"Broadband electrical impedance matching for piezoelectric ultrasound transducers","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lienig, J., and Scheible, J. (2020). Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39284-0"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gift, S.J., and Maundy, B. (2020). Electronic Circuit Design and Application, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46989-4"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Baker, R.J. (2019). CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H., Jung, H., Yang, H.-C., Zheng, F., and Shung, K.K. (2012). New modified butterworth van-dyke model for high frequency ultrasonic imaging. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, Dresden, Germany, 7\u201310 October 2012, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2012.0143"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.12.026","article-title":"A new equivalent circuit for piezoelectrics with three losses and external loads","volume":"256","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, D.D., Mao, Y., Cui, Z., and Lv, S.H. (2018, January 14\u201317). Optimization of equivalent circuit model for piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2018.8409525"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Z., Xu, J., Li, Z., Chen, Y., Cui, Y., and Jian, X. (2021). An improved equivalent circuit simulation of high frequency ultrasound transducer. Front. Mater., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2021.663109"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2011.2127","article-title":"Development of Integrated Preamplifier for High-Frequency Ultrasonic Transducers and Low-Power Handheld Receiver","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2024.109989","article-title":"Analytical modeling of harmonically driven focused acoustic sources with experimental verification","volume":"221","author":"Zawadaa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015020","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ad9a2a","article-title":"Analysis, modeling and design of piezoelectric-capacitive hybrid micromachined ultrasonic transducer","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.111616","article-title":"Development of negative-group-delay circuit for high-frequency ultrasonic transducer applications","volume":"299","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2010.01.132","article-title":"Low cost matching network for ultrasonic transducers","volume":"3","author":"Yanez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.05.028","article-title":"Electrical matching of low power piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers for microelectronic bonding","volume":"199","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.25103\/jestr.071.12","article-title":"A New Method of Designing Electrical Impedance Matching Network for Piezoelectric Ultrasound Transducer","volume":"7","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.5573\/JSTS.2018.18.3.328","article-title":"MATLAB\/simulink pulse-echo ultrasound system simulator with electrical impedance matching","volume":"18","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Semicond. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2838142","article-title":"The study of cable effect on high-frequency ultrasound transducer performance","volume":"18","author":"Jian","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12703","DOI":"10.1051\/epjap:2008181","article-title":"Feedback sine wave driver design for ultrasonic transducers","volume":"47","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J.-Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14273","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3008762","article-title":"Electrical impedance matching between piezoelectric transducer and power amplifier","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H. (2022). Pre-Matching Circuit for High-Frequency Ultrasound Transducers. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228861"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105102","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/19\/10\/105102","article-title":"Cost-effective broad-band electrical impedance spectroscopy measurement circuit and signal analysis for piezo-materials and ultrasound transducers","volume":"19","author":"Lewis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Razavi, B. (2016). Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill Science."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartnagel, H.L., Quay, R., Rohde, U.L., and Rudolph, M. (2023). Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Techniques and Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94100-0"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.10.025","article-title":"Electrical impedance matching networks based on filter structures for high frequency ultrasound transducers","volume":"251","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirazi, M.F., Park, K., Wijesinghe, R.E., Jeong, H., Han, S., Kim, P., Jeon, M., and Kim, J. (2016). Fast industrial inspection of optical thin film using optical coherence tomography. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101598"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2015.2508148","article-title":"Matlab\/simulink pulse-echo ultrasound system simulator based on experimentally validated models","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathod, V.T. (2019). A Review of Electric Impedance Matching Techniques for Piezoelectric Sensors, Actuators and Transducers. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8020169"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathod, V.T. (2020). A Review of Acoustic Impedance Matching Techniques for Piezoelectric Sensors and Transducers. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20144051"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10832-007-9044-3","article-title":"Piezoelectric materials for high frequency medical imaging applications: A review","volume":"19","author":"Shung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electroceram."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liu, X., Yu, Y., Li, Y., Cheng, C., Zhang, S., Mak, P., Vai, M., and Pun, S. (2021). A Review on Analytical Modeling for Collapse Mode Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer of the Collapse Voltage and the Static Membrane Deflections. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12060714"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/19\/6299\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:47:35Z","timestamp":1791208055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/19\/6299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s26196299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26196299","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]}}}