{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:52:20Z","timestamp":1791298340201,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Center for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0800\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0800\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0800\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0800\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044wgz941","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006141","name":"Military University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGB 531-000120-W300-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB 531-000120-W300-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dynamic development of non-invasive medical diagnostics and continuous health monitoring using biomedical signals in recent years has been one of the main research directions in biomedical electronics. This paper presents a developed multimodal, multi-site, and synchronous measurement system designed for continuous cardiovascular signal acquisition. The system integrates reflective and transmissive photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensors and active microwave (MW) sensors operating at a frequency of 4.9 GHz. One of the reflective PPG sensors enables multispectral (MWPPG) recording for six different light wavelengths, ranging from blue (465 nm) to infrared (940 nm). The system was evaluated in a trial involving a group of 32 volunteers. During our research, the PPG sensors were placed on the fingers of the left hand, wrist, and forehead, while the MW sensors were placed on the thumb, wrist, biceps, and chest. In addition, ECG signals and accelerometer signals are recorded synchronously. The averaged pulses of the individual sensors were appointed to compare their shape and quality depending on the technology and location of the measurement. The PPG signals exhibited higher signal quality, with mean SNR values ranging from 8.66 \u00b1 2.17 to 12.61 \u00b1 3.98 dB, compared with 5.91 \u00b1 0.98 to 7.95 \u00b1 1.26 dB for the MW signals. Similarly, the pulse-detection F1-score ranged from 0.34 \u00b1 0.22 to 0.74 \u00b1 0.17 for PPG and from 0.33 \u00b1 0.07 to 0.43 \u00b1 0.15 for MW sensors. Significant differences in the shape of the pulses from the MW sensors were also demonstrated between individual participants. Furthermore, the paper presents examples of recorded signals and discusses the advantages and limitations of various sensor technologies and their locations, while also indicating potential directions for further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:28:05Z","timestamp":1791296885000},"page":"6311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Multi-Site Measurement System with Photoplethysmographic and Microwave Sensors for Synchronous and Continuous Cardiovascular Signal Acquisition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3393-7719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Nigot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"MediSensonic SA, 52-234 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Giblewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MediSensonic SA, 52-234 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4797-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Sondej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3789-8489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenon","family":"Szczepaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"MediSensonic SA, 52-234 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100727","article-title":"Wearable sensors for health monitoring: Current applications, trends, and future directions","volume":"28","author":"Kurul","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron. X"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s44325-025-00090-6","article-title":"State-of-the-art wearable sensors for cardiovascular health: A review","volume":"2","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Cardiovasc. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.125817","article-title":"Recent advances in smart wearable sensors for continuous human health monitoring","volume":"272","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demrozi, F., Borz\u00ec, L., and Olmo, G. (2023). Wearable Sensors for Supporting Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Monitoring of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12061269"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almujally, N.A., Khan, D., Al Mudawi, N., Alonazi, M., Alhasson, H.F., Jalal, A., and Liu, H. (2025). Wearable sensor-based assistive technologies for patient health monitoring. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1437877"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/acead2","article-title":"The 2023 wearable photoplethysmography roadmap","volume":"44","author":"Charlton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Melzen, R., Haveman, M.E., Schuurmann, R.C.L., Van Amsterdam, K., El Moumni, M., Tabak, M., Struys, M.M.R.F., and de Vries, J.-P.P.M. (2024). Validity and Reliability of Wearable Sensors for Continuous Postoperative Vital Signs Monitoring in Patients Recovering from Trauma Surgery. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196379"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahiya, E.S., Kalra, A.M., Lowe, A., and Anand, G. (2024). Wearable Technology for Monitoring Electrocardiograms (ECGs) in Adults: A Scoping Review. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041318"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nigusse, A.B., Malengier, B., and Van Langenhove, L. (2024). Development and Evaluation of a Wearable ECG Monitoring System. Eng. Proc., 52.","DOI":"10.3390\/engproc2023052009"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2025.108055","article-title":"Assessment of agreement between pulse rate variability and heart rate variability depending fiducial point in multi-site photoplethysmography","volume":"109","author":"Zawadzka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.107336","article-title":"Improving the quality of pulse rate variability derived from wearable devices using adaptive, spectrum and nonlinear filtering","volume":"102","author":"Prucnal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alim, A., and Imtiaz, M.H. (2023). Wearable Sensors for the Monitoring of Maternal Health\u2014A Systematic Review. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052411"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"100134","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Non-Invasive, Simultaneous, and Real-Time Monitoring of BCG, BPW, and Heart Sounds with Flexible and Bio-Compatible Piezoelectric AlN Sensor","volume":"9","author":"Cinquino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30364","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA05932D","article-title":"Recent Development of Piezoelectric Biosensors for Physiological Signal Detection and Machine Learning-Assisted Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Cheng, S., Wang, X., Wu, S., and Liu, X. (2025). MEMS Acoustic Sensors: Charting the Path from Research to Real-World Applications. Micromachines, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16010043"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2153","article-title":"Cutting-Edge Microwave Sensors for Vital Signs Detection and Precise Human Lung Water Level Measurement","volume":"24","author":"Elsheakh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"4876","article-title":"Non-Contact Measurement of Human Vital Signs in Dynamic Conditions Using Microwave Techniques: A Review","volume":"24","author":"Ostrysz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"45","article-title":"Review of Microphone-Based Contactless Vital Signs Monitoring Systems","volume":"50","author":"Amoran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"127040","article-title":"Camera-Based Physiological Measurement: Recent Advances and Future Prospects","volume":"570","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Seok, H.S., Kim, S.-S., and Shin, H. (2022). Photoplethysmogram analysis and applications: An integrative review. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.808451"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sola, J., Arderiu, A., Almeida, T.P., Fallet, S., Yazdani, S., Haddad, S., Perruchoud, D., Grossenbacher, O., and Shah, J. (2025). The quest for blood pressure markers in photoplethysmography and its applications in digital health. Front. Digit. Health, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1518322"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23026","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07198-w","article-title":"Elevated Pulse Wave Velocity as a Marker of Arterial Stiffness and Its Association with Mortality in US Adults","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2019.01.001","article-title":"Simultaneous multi-site measurement system for the assessment of pulse wave delays","volume":"39","author":"Sondej","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, W., Zhou, M., Ren, A., and Tian, Z. (2020). Remote Monitoring of Human Vital Signs Based on 77-GHz mm-Wave FMCW Radar. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102999"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2026, May 21). Available online: https:\/\/www.3ds.com\/products\/simulia\/cst-studio-suite."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180076","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.76","article-title":"An optimal filter for short photoplethysmogram signals","volume":"5","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdrasulova, N., Aleksanyan, M., Kim, M.J., and Ahn, J.M. (2025). Butterworth filtering at 500 Hz optimizes PPG-based heart rate variability analysis for wearable devices: A comparative study. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202511.0121.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"So, H.H., and Chan, K.L. (1997). Development of a QRS detection method for real-time ambulatory cardiac monitoring. Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.1997.754529"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sedghamiz, H. (2014). Matlab Implementation of Pan\u2013Tompkins ECG QRS Detector, ResearchGate."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/36\/3\/R1","article-title":"A survey on signals and systems in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring using pulse transit time","volume":"36","author":"Buxi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moraes, J.L., Rocha, M.X., Vasconcelos, G.G., Vasconcelos Filho, J.E., De Albuquerque, V.H.C., and Alexandria, A.R. (2018). Advances in photoplethysmography signal analysis for biomedical applications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061894"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-018-0637-8","article-title":"Study of continuous blood pressure estimation based on pulse transit time, heart rate, and photoplethysmography-derived hemodynamic covariates","volume":"41","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, T., Ghosh, A., and Sarkar, S. (2022). Signal quality assessment of photoplethysmogram signals using quantum pattern recognition technique and lightweight CNN module. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC48229.2022.9871494"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgendi, M. (2016). Optimal signal quality index for photoplethysmogram signals. Bioengineering, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering3040021"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1062","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00218.2019","article-title":"Modeling arterial pulse waves in healthy aging: A database for in silico evaluation of hemodynamics and pulse wave indexes","volume":"317","author":"Charlton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2021.3069815","article-title":"A wearable tele-health system for monitoring COVID-19 and chronic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, C.C., and Machado da Silva, J. (2015). A fuzzy logic approach for highly dependable medical wearable systems. Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Mixed-Signals Testing Workshop (IMSTW), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMS3TW.2015.7177874"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2023.3254453","article-title":"A multi-site, multi-wavelength PPG platform for continuous non-invasive health monitoring in hospital settings","volume":"17","author":"Karolcik","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S., and Huang, M. (2025). A smartphone-based finger-pressing blood pressure monitoring system using a fusion model. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Future of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering (MBIE 2025), SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3091629"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6576","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3561071","article-title":"Generative reconstruction of multimodal cardiac waveforms from a single vibrational cardiography sensor","volume":"29","author":"Skoric","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veeraiah, V.G.M., Sekhar, V.E.C., Kumar, P.R., Kumar, G., and Anand, R. (2025). Development of a smart healthcare surveillance system using wireless communication and real-time image processing. Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Antenna and Microwave Symposium (WAMS), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAMS64402.2025.11158529"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-022-01391-8","article-title":"Distributed model architecture for cuff-less blood pressure measurement system","volume":"3","author":"Dave","year":"2022","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lueken, M., and Leonhardt, S. (2024). Multimodal sensor integration for unobtrusive measurement of blood pressure-related parameters. Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN63547.2024.10780712"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44348-3","article-title":"Multimodal wrist biosensor for wearable cuff-less blood pressure monitoring system","volume":"9","author":"Rachim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inan, O.T., Berkebile, J.A., Cook, J.M., Sanchez-Perez, J.A., Crane, H.T., and Ganti, V.G. (2025). Multi-modal cardiopulmonary sensing at the chest leveraging hemodynamics and cardiac timings. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and Internet of Things (MetroInd4.0 & IoT), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroInd4.0IoT66048.2025.11121946"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"14558","article-title":"Multimodal sensor fusion-based lightweight pedestrian wearable system for continuous health monitoring and location tracking","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2022.108187","article-title":"Noninvasive, wearable multi-biosensors for continuous, long-term monitoring of blood pressure via Internet of Things applications","volume":"102","author":"Phan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachim, V.P., Huynh, T.H., and Chung, W.-Y. (2018). Wrist photoplethysmography and bio-impedance sensor for cuff-less blood pressure monitoring. Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors Conference, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2018.8589559"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Pradhan, G.B., Jeong, S., and Park, J.Y. (2024). A cuffless blood pressure monitoring epidermal patch enabled by deep learning. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMS58180.2024.10439507"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, G., Zhang, J., Liu, J., Wang, L., and Yu, Y. (2023). A multi-parameter fusion method for cuffless continuous blood pressure estimation based on electrocardiogram and photoplethysmogram. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14040804"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3548771","article-title":"Dynamic beat-to-beat measurements of blood pressure using multimodal physiological signals and a hybrid CNN\u2013LSTM model","volume":"29","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2865751","article-title":"Noninvasive cuffless blood pressure estimation using pulse transit time and impedance plethysmography","volume":"66","author":"Huynh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"4876","article-title":"PITN: Physics-informed temporal networks for cuffless blood pressure estimation","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110357","article-title":"Predicting blood pressure without a cuff using a unique multi-modal wearable device and machine learning algorithm","volume":"192","author":"Hsiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/19\/6311\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:28:27Z","timestamp":1791296907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/19\/6311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s26196311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26196311","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}}}