{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:29Z","timestamp":1792790069913,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["UMO-2018\/30\/E\/ST4\/00481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2018\/30\/E\/ST4\/00481"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["UMO-2024\/53\/B\/NZ9\/01654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2024\/53\/B\/NZ9\/01654"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["UMO-2018\/30\/E\/ST4\/00481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2018\/30\/E\/ST4\/00481"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UMO-2024\/53\/B\/NZ9\/01654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2024\/53\/B\/NZ9\/01654"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"IDUB project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Achieving both universality and robustness in smart sensing remains a central yet unresolved challenge. Herein, we move beyond the conventional dichotomy of selective versus cross-sensitive sensors by demonstrating their synergistic integration within differential sensing architectures. Optical micro- and nanoparticle-based sensors\u2014both selective (UW) and cross-sensitive (WUT)\u2014were rationally combined to construct information-rich sensing arrays. Performance enhancement was explored considering three complementary strategies: the reduction of inter-sensor redundancy, the exploitation of full spectral fingerprints and multimode optical readout. Across independent datasets, log F analysis uncovered pronounced context-dependent chemosensitive particle behavior, enabling the identification of task-specific leading nanostructures while confirming metric robustness. Full-spectrum chemometric modeling delivered consistently high classification accuracy without overfitting, where SVM-DA excelled in resolving complex multiclass problems. Collectively, this work establishes a generalizable framework for engineering adaptive, high-dimensional sensing platforms, advancing the design of next-generation smart analytical systems, including smart noses and smart tongues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:21:46Z","timestamp":1791303706000},"page":"6312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Balancing Selectivity and Cross-Sensitivity in Smart Tongue Sensing\u2014Multimode, Multiplexed Optical Sensor Arrays for Dietary Supplement Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kossakowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Stelmach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1605-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kisiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Maksymiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8509-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Michalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Ciosek-Skibi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2010.509","article-title":"Nanomaterials for Cross-Reactive Sensor Arrays","volume":"35","author":"Tisch","year":"2010","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00564","article-title":"Selectivity and Specificity: Pros and Cons in Sensing","volume":"1","author":"Peveler","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gar\u00e7on, L., Genua, M., Hou, Y., and Buhot, A. 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