{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:15:34Z","timestamp":1792790134701,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Base for Innovative Methods Promotion Application and Demonstration of Anhui Province","award":["2023AHIMB03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AHIMB03"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund Project of Anhui University of Science and Technology","award":["2024cx2061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024cx2061"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q9atg80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2024cx2061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024cx2061"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q9atg80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research and Application of Key Technologies for Monitoring the Status of Rotating Parts in Mechanical Equipment","award":["HX20260345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HX20260345"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation for High-Level Talents of Anhui University of Science and Technology","award":["2024yjrc173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024yjrc173"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q9atg80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2024yjrc173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024yjrc173"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q9atg80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the challenges of tomato leaf diseases, including significant variations in disease size, discrete spatial distribution in complex field environments, and the difficulty in distinguishing early symptoms of certain diseases, which lead to low detection accuracy and a large number of model parameters, this paper proposes a tomato leaf disease detection model, TD-YOLO, based on multi-scale hypergraph aggregation. During the feature extraction stage, the RetC3k2 is employed to enhance the shallow network\u2019s ability to detect disease regions. The C2TSSA attention mechanism is introduced to filter out key diseases and suppress background interference. At the same time, the GDown adaptive downsampling module is designed to reduce the model size while preserving feature integrity. In the neck network section, a multi-scale hypergraph aggregation structure is constructed by integrating a multi-scale semantic aggregation layer, the HyperConv, and a MANet network. By connecting disease features at different spatial locations through hyperedges, the network models high-order associative relationships and achieves a refined representation of multi-scale features. Experimental results show that on the Tomato-Village-Diseases dataset, TD-YOLO achieves an mAP50 of 92.5%, a 7.1% improvement over the baseline YOLOv11, with only 2.21M parameters and a computational cost of 6.8 GFLOPs. On the Tomato-Leaf-2-v1 dataset, the mAP50 reached 81.0%, outperforming all comparison models and demonstrating the model\u2019s strong adaptability. This study provides an efficient and feasible technical solution for the accurate detection of tomato leaf diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:43:38Z","timestamp":1791564218000},"page":"6340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TD-YOLO: Tomato Leaf Disease Detection Based on Hypergraph Multi-Scale Aggregation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3373-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Base for Innovative Methods Promotion Application and Demonstration of Anhui Province, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China"},{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei 231131, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Modern Health Care, Anhui Sanlian University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunxin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Base for Innovative Methods Promotion Application and Demonstration of Anhui Province, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China"},{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei 231131, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0793-y","article-title":"The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops","volume":"3","author":"Savary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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