{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:47:00Z","timestamp":1792039620445,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Predicting the ignition risk of bridgewire electro-explosive devices (EEDs) under transient magnetic fields requires linking the local magnetic field history to the inductive response of the associated closed loop and the thermal response of the bridgewire\u2013charge system. In this study, a measurement-grounded framework was developed by combining transient field measurement with a three-dimensional electromagnetic\u2013thermal model. A custom inductive probe with a manufacturer-specified equivalent magnetic flux area of Ap = 12,029 mm2 was used to obtain the local magnetic field rate history (dB\/dt). In bench tests, the induced-voltage histories of closed loops with different measured areas were reconstructed from the probe signal using the loop-to-probe area ratio and used as inputs to the bridgewire\u2013charge model. Three measured transient magnetic field waveforms were used to evaluate the predicted ignition boundaries. For Waveform I, the experimental and predicted critical-area intervals were (772, 824] and (804.2, 907.9] mm2, respectively. For Waveforms II and III, the experimental interval (542, 583] mm2 lay within the predicted interval (530.9, 615.8] mm2. The evaluated framework was further applied to the projectile-fixed magnetic field history of a five-stage coilgun, yielding a predicted critical equivalent loop radius interval of (14, 15] mm. The results demonstrate that inductive ignition risk depends on closed-loop magnetic flux coupling and the complete transient excitation history rather than on peak magnetic flux density or peak dB\/dt alone. The proposed method establishes a quantitative link among local transient magnetic field measurement, installed loop magnetic flux coupling, and device-level ignition risk boundaries, providing a practical framework for electromagnetic safety assessment of projectile-borne EEDs under complex transient magnetic field environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26196345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:43:38Z","timestamp":1791564218000},"page":"6345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measurement-Based Prediction of Inductive Ignition Risk Boundaries for Bridgewire Electro-Explosive Devices Under Transient Magnetic Fields"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"},{"name":"Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"},{"name":"Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"},{"name":"Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghua","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"},{"name":"Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5360-2089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"},{"name":"Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2018.07.011","article-title":"Analysis and discussion on launching mechanism and tactical electromagnetic railgun technology","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Def. 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