{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:02:45Z","timestamp":1791072165840,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,10]],"date-time":"2008-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1205107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and timely information about land cover pattern and change in urbanareas is crucial for urban land management decision-making, ecosystem monitoring andurban planning. This paper presents the methods and results of an object-basedclassification and post-classification change detection of multitemporal high-spatialresolution Emerge aerial imagery in the Gwynns Falls watershed from 1999 to 2004. TheGwynns Falls watershed includes portions of Baltimore City and Baltimore County,Maryland, USA. An object-based approach was first applied to implement the land coverclassification separately for each of the two years. The overall accuracies of theclassification maps of 1999 and 2004 were 92.3% and 93.7%, respectively. Following theclassification, we conducted a comparison of two different land cover change detectionmethods: traditional (i.e., pixel-based) post-classification comparison and object-basedpost-classification comparison. The results from our analyses indicated that an objectbasedapproach provides a better means for change detection than a pixel based methodbecause it provides an effective way to incorporate spatial information and expertknowledge into the change detection process. The overall accuracy of the change mapproduced by the object-based method was 90.0%, with Kappa statistic of 0.854, whereasthe overall accuracy and Kappa statistic of that by the pixel-based method were 81.3% and0.712, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s8031613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T09:42:49Z","timestamp":1228124569000},"page":"1613-1636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":220,"title":["Object-based Land Cover Classification and Change Analysis in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area Using Multitemporal High Resolution Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Weiqi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, George D. Aiken Center, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Troy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, George D. Aiken Center, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Grove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, South Burlington, VT 05403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168908903939","article-title":"Digital change detection techniques using remotely-sensed data","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000139863","article-title":"Change detection techniques","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-9006(03)00066-7","article-title":"Remote sensing technology for mapping and monitoring land-cover and land-use change","volume":"61","author":"Rogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Progress in Planning"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lunetta, R. 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