{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:15:11Z","timestamp":1789600511121,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Piezoelectric ceramic Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) transducers, working on the principle of electromechanical impedance (EMI), are increasingly applied for structural health monitoring (SHM) in aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering. The PZT transducers are usually surface bonded to or embedded in a structure and subjected to actuation so as to interrogate the structure at the desired frequency range. The interrogation results in the electromechanical admittance (inverse of EMI) signatures which can be used to estimate the structural health or integrity according to the changes of the signatures. In the existing EMI method, the monitored structure is only excited by the PZT transducers for the interrogating of EMI signature, while the vibration of the structure caused by the external excitations other than the PZT actuation is not considered. However, many structures work under vibrations in practice. To monitor such structures, issues related to the effects of vibration on the EMI signature need to be addressed because these effects may lead to misinterpretation of the structural health. This paper develops an EMI model for beam structures, which takes into account the effect of beam vibration caused by the external excitations. An experimental study is carried out to verify the theoretical model. A lab size specimen with different external excitations is tested and the effect of vibration on EMI signature is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s8116846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,31]],"date-time":"2008-10-31T08:38:56Z","timestamp":1225442336000},"page":"6846-6859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effect of External Vibration on PZT Impedance Signature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yaowen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiwei","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X9400500102","article-title":"Coupled Electro-Mechanical Analysis of Adaptive Material System \u2013 Determination of the Actuator Power Consumption and System Energy Transfer","volume":"5","author":"Liang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/5\/2\/006","article-title":"Electromechanical Impedance Modeling of Active Material Systems","volume":"5","author":"Liang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0893-1321(2005)18:2(93)","article-title":"Generic Impedance-Based Model for Structure-Piezoceramic Interacting System","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Aerospace Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/3\/018","article-title":"Wave Propagation Modeling of PZT Sensing Region for Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/5\/045","article-title":"Influence of Loading on Electromechanical Admittance of Piezoceramic Sensors","volume":"16","author":"Annamdas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015005","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/17\/01\/015005","article-title":"Electromechanical Impedance Modeling of PZT Sensors for Health Monitoring of Cylindrical Shell Structures","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Sun, F.P., Liang, C., and Rogers, C.A. (8,, January June6). Experimental Model Testing Using Piezoceramic Patches as Collocated Sensors-Actuators. Baltimore MD."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X9500600601","article-title":"Integration and Design of Piezoceramic Elements in Intelligent Structures","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X9500600117","article-title":"Truss Structure Integrity Identification Using PZT Sensor-Actuator","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"93","article-title":"A Vibrational Technique for Non-Destructively Assessing the Integrity of Structures","volume":"20","author":"Ayres","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/147592170200100104","article-title":"Piezoelectric Wafer Embedded Active Sensors for Aging Aircraft Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"1","author":"Giurgiutiu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0893-1321(2004)17:4(182)","article-title":"Electromechanical Impedance-Based Structural Health Monitoring with Evolutionary Programming","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Aerospace Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/7\/5\/004","article-title":"Qualitative Impedance-Based Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructures","volume":"7","author":"Ayres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1076-0342(2000)6:4(153)","article-title":"Impedance-Based Health Monitoring of Civil Structural Components","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infrastruct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, G., Cudney, H.H., and Inman, D.J. (2001). Feasibility of Using Impedance-Based Damage Assessment for Pipeline Structures. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn.","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.72"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-006-8734-0","article-title":"Multiple Crack Detection of Concrete Structures Using Impedance-Based Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2006.04.004","article-title":"Monitoring of Rocks Using Smart Sensors","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tunnell. Underground Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3390\/s8010271","article-title":"Application of multiplexed FBG and PZT impedance sensors for health monitoring of rocks","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/s8010327","article-title":"Sensitivity of PZT Impedance Sensors for Damage Dection of Concrete Structures","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035008","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/17\/3\/035008","article-title":"Practical Issues Related to the Application of EMI Technique in SHM of Civil Structures: Part I \u2013 Experiment","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035009","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/17\/3\/035009","article-title":"Practical Issues Related to the Application of EMI Technique in SHM of Civil Structures: Part I \u2013 Numerical Verification","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1106\/N0J5-6UJ2-WlGV-Q8MC","article-title":"Experimental investigation of E\/M Impedance Health Monitoring for Spot-Welded Structural Joints","volume":"10","author":"Giurgiutiu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1117\/12.485621","article-title":"Application of the electro-mechanical impedance method for the identification of in-situ stress in structures","volume":"4935","author":"Ong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/2\/005","article-title":"Development of an Electromechanical Admittance Approach for Application in the Vibration Control of Intelligent Structures","volume":"16","author":"Providakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Hewlett Packard (1996). HP LF 4192A impedance analyzer operation manual., Hewlett Packard."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/8\/11\/6846\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:21:06Z","timestamp":1760221266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/8\/11\/6846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s8116846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s8116846","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]}}}