{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T20:58:55Z","timestamp":1782766735251,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABAs) is more common in elite athletes than in the general population, especially in endurance sports. The World Anti-Doping Code places some restrictions on prescribing inhaled \u03b22-agonists. These drugs are used in respiratory diseases (such as asthma) that might reduce athletes\u2019 performances. Recently, studies based on the results of the Olympic Games revealed that athletes with confirmed asthma\/airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) outperformed their non-asthmatic rivals. This overuse of SABA by high-level athletes, therefore, raises some questions, and many explanatory hypotheses are proposed. Asthma and EIB have a high prevalence in elite athletes, especially within endurance sports. It appears that many years of intensive endurance training can provoke airway injury, EIB, and asthma in athletes without any past history of respiratory diseases. Some sports lead to a higher risk of asthma than others due to the hyperventilation required over long periods of time and\/or the high environmental exposure while performing the sport (for example swimming and the associated chlorine exposure). Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have a low efficacy in the treatment of asthma and EIB in elite athletes, leading to a much greater use of SABAs. A significant proportion of these high-level athletes suffer from non-allergic asthma, involving the th1-th17 pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10030036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T22:53:25Z","timestamp":1646261605000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Overuse of Short-Acting Beta-2 Agonists (SABAs) in Elite Athletes: Hypotheses to Explain It"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Vertadier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement Pharmacie, Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9, University Angers, F-9000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Trzepizur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitovasc, University Angers, Inserm, CNRS, SFR ICAT, CHU Angers, F-49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7524-8295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Faure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MINT, University Angers, Inserm, CNRS, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.7137","article-title":"The Association of Recreational and Competitive Running With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Samuelsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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