{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:13:47Z","timestamp":1788268427106,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18K10886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K10886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine the combined effects of static stretching and electrical muscle stimulation on maximal dorsiflexion angle and passive properties. Sixteen healthy subjects participated in three randomly ordered experimental trials: combined static stretching and electrical muscle stimulation, static stretching alone, and control. In combined trial, subjects performed 5 min of calf stretching while receiving electrical muscle stimulation of the gastrocnemius medialis. In static stretching trial, subjects performed calf stretching only. Maximal dorsiflexion angle, passive torque, and muscle displacement were measured before and after intervention. Tendon displacement was also calculated. The difference from pre- to post-intervention in maximal dorsiflexion angle in combined trial was greater compared with that in the control (p = 0.026), but the static stretching trial exhibited no significant difference (both p &gt; 0.05). Passive torque at submaximal dorsiflexion angles was significantly decreased only after combined trial (all p &lt; 0.05). Muscle displacement at maximal dorsiflexion angle was significantly increased in all conditions (all p &lt; 0.05). Tendon displacement at maximal dorsiflexion angle was higher after combined trial compared with static stretching trial (p = 0.030). These results revealed additional effects of adding electrical muscle stimulation to static stretching on maximal dorsiflexion angle, passive torque, and tendon displacement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T01:33:30Z","timestamp":1672882410000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Combined Static Stretching and Electrical Muscle Stimulation Induce Greater Changes in Range of Motion, Passive Torque, and Tendon Displacement Compared with Static Stretching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7990-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takamasa","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. 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