{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:12:13Z","timestamp":1760145133641,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Avenir Award Program for Research on Substance Abuse and HIV\/AIDS (DP2) from National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health","award":["DP2DA046856","DP1 DA034989","P30DA011041","R01 AI085073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DA046856","DP1 DA034989","P30DA011041","R01 AI085073"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health","award":["DP2DA046856","DP1 DA034989","P30DA011041","R01 AI085073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DA046856","DP1 DA034989","P30DA011041","R01 AI085073"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health","award":["DP2DA046856","DP1 DA034989","P30DA011041","R01 AI085073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DA046856","DP1 DA034989","P30DA011041","R01 AI085073"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","award":["DP2DA046856","DP1 DA034989","P30DA011041","R01 AI085073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DA046856","DP1 DA034989","P30DA011041","R01 AI085073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stats"],"abstract":"<jats:p>People who inject drugs (PWID) have an increased risk of HIV infection partly due to injection behaviors often related to opioid use. Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) have been shown to reduce HIV infection risk, possibly by reducing injection risk behaviors. MOUD may benefit individuals who do not receive it themselves but are connected through social, sexual, or drug use networks with individuals who are treated. This is known as spillover. Valid estimation of spillover in network studies requires considering the network\u2019s community structure. Communities are groups of densely connected individuals with sparse connections to other groups. We analyzed a network of 277 PWID and their contacts from the Transmission Reduction Intervention Project. We assessed the effect of MOUD on reductions in injection risk behaviors and the possible benefit for network contacts of participants treated with MOUD. We identified communities using modularity-based methods and employed inverse probability weighting with community-level propensity scores to adjust for measured confounding. We found that MOUD may have beneficial spillover effects on reducing injection risk behaviors. The magnitudes of estimated effects were sensitive to the community detection method. Careful consideration should be paid to the significance of community structure in network studies evaluating spillover.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/stats7020034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T11:10:28Z","timestamp":1718968228000},"page":"549-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Spillover Effects of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder on HIV Risk Behaviors among a Network of People Who Inject Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3850-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Puleo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Statistics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice & Clinical Research, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2459-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natallia","family":"Katenka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Statistics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3127-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Elizabeth","family":"Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2083-1226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3307-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Nikolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S135","article-title":"Social Determinants and the Health of Drug Users: Socioeconomic Status, Homelessness, and Incarceration","volume":"117","author":"Galea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). 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