{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:36:58Z","timestamp":1782272218240,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study applies a life cycle assessment (LCA) to the shared dockless standing e-scooter system that is established in Brussels. The results are given for four impact categories: global warming potential (GWP), particulate matter formation, mineral resource, and fossil resource scarcity. Regarding GWP, the use of the shared e-scooters in the current system causes 131 g of CO2-eq. per passenger-kilometer while the mode of transportation displaced has an impact of 110 g of CO2-eq. Thus, at present, the use of e-scooters shows a higher impact than the transportation modes they replace. The high results for the shared e-scooter, in terms of GWP, are mainly caused by the short lifespan of the shared e-scooter. Nevertheless, as the market further matures, the lifespan of e-scooters could increase and the impact per kilometer travelled could decrease accordingly. Regarding the use of the personal e-scooter, the LCA results show an impact of around 67 g of CO2-eq. This study quantifies the LC impacts of the current situation based on local, \u2018real-life\u2019 data. However, potential changes on soft mobility patterns induced by the use-oriented product-service system (PSS), such as a shared e-scooter system, could not be quantified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12051803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T03:13:28Z","timestamp":1583205208000},"page":"1803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["Dockless E-Scooter: A Green Solution for Mobility? Comparative Case Study between Dockless E-Scooters, Displaced Transport, and Personal E-Scooters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9lie","family":"Moreau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Management and Land Use Planning (IGEAT), ULB (Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"de Jamblinne de Meux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRL, ICHEC Brussels Management school, 1150 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Zeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Management and Land Use Planning (IGEAT), ULB (Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0912-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"D\u2019Ans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4MAT Department, ULB (Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Haute Ecole Libre de Bruxelles (HELB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0005-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coline","family":"Ruwet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRL, ICHEC Brussels Management school, 1150 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Chaire Hoover, CRIDIS &amp; Louvain School of Management (LSM), UCLouvain (Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wouter M.J.","family":"Achten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Management and Land Use Planning (IGEAT), ULB (Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, November 21). Navigant Total GHG Emissions Worldwide: 53.7 Gt CO2eq. Available online: https:\/\/guidehouse.com\/-\/media\/www\/site\/downloads\/energy\/2019\/asn_navigant_emissionsflowchart.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mombeek, V., and Degraeve, I. (2019). Rapport d\u2019Activit\u00e9s 2018, Bruxelles Environnement."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, November 25). Tier The 7 Myths about E-Scooter. Available online: https:\/\/www.tier.app\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-7-Myths-about-E-Scooters-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2019). SPRB Bruxelles Mobilit\u00e9 Enqu\u00eate sur l\u2019usage des Trottinettes \u00c9lectriques \u00e0 Bruxelles, Brussels Regional Public Service."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2018.11.066","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment in the automotive sector: A comparative case study of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and electric car","volume":"12","author":"Pero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.12.100","article-title":"The environmental and cost performance of current and future motorcycles|Elsevier Enhanced Reader","volume":"212","author":"Cox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2018.08.007","article-title":"Potential environmental impacts of electric bicycles replacing other trnasport modes in Wellington, New Zealand","volume":"16","author":"Elliot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2019, November 21). Oversharing Shared Scooters Don\u2019t Last Long. Available online: https:\/\/oversharing.substack.com\/p\/shared-scooters-dont-last-long."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187381","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7381","article-title":"Injuries Associated with Standing Electric Scooter Use","volume":"2","author":"Trivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.08.237","article-title":"Early Experience with Electric Scooter Injuries Requiring Neurosurgical Evaluation in District of Columbia: A Case Series","volume":"132","author":"Schlaff","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"62","article-title":"Electric scooter injuries at Auckland City Hospital","volume":"132","author":"Brownson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000337","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2019-000337","article-title":"The e-merging e-pidemic of e-scooters","volume":"4","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trauma Surg. Acute Care Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.05.003","article-title":"Emergency department visits for electric scooter-related injuries after introduction of an urban rental program","volume":"37","author":"Badeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2019.07.014","article-title":"Craniofacial Injuries Seen With the Introduction of Bicycle-Share Electric Scooters in an Urban Setting","volume":"77","author":"Trivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, O., Swiderski, J.I., Hicks, J., Teoman, D., and Buehler, R. (2019). Pedestrians and e-scooters: An initial look at e-scooter parking and perceptions by riders and non-riders. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11205591"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084031","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab2da8","article-title":"Are e-scooters polluters? The environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters","volume":"14","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Stahel, R. (1989). The Limits to Certainty: Facing Risks in the New Service Economy\/by Orio Giarini and Walter, Kluwer Academic."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.08.061","article-title":"Product service system: A conceptual framework from a systematic review","volume":"139","author":"Annarelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Goedkoop, M.J., van Halen, C.J.G., te Riele, H., and Rommens, P. (1999). Product Service Systems, Ecological and Economic Basics, Weley."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, A.Q., Kumar, M., Claes, B., and Found, P. (2019). The state-of-the-art of the theory on Product-Service Systems. Int. J. Prod. Econ., 107491.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.09.012"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-6526(01)00039-7","article-title":"Clarifying the concept of product-service system","volume":"10","author":"Mont","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.07.043","article-title":"Pay-per-use business models as a driver for sustainable consumption: Evidence from the case of HOMIE","volume":"198","author":"Bocken","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1243\/09544054JEM858","article-title":"State-of-the-art in product-service systems","volume":"221","author":"Baines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.11.049","article-title":"Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy\u2014A review","volume":"97","author":"Tukker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.06.240","article-title":"Sustainable business model innovation: A review","volume":"198","author":"Geissdoerfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.414","article-title":"Eight types of product\u2014Service system: Eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from SusProNet","volume":"13","author":"Tukker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.03.021","article-title":"Sustainability Factors for PSS Business Models","volume":"47","author":"Barquet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.108","article-title":"Guidelines for evaluating the environmental performance of Product\/Service-Systems through life cycle assessment","volume":"190","author":"Kjaer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.04.045","article-title":"Competitiveness and sustainability effects of cars and their business models in Swedish small town regions","volume":"140","author":"Nurhadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.14488\/BJOPM.2016.v13.n3.a4","article-title":"Product-Service Systems as sustainable alternatives to mobility: A comparative analysis of two bike-sharing systems","volume":"13","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2018.1488771","article-title":"Sustainability measurement of product-service systems: Brazilian case studies about electric car-sharing","volume":"25","author":"Teles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, F., Gu, F., Zhang, W., and Guo, J. (2019). Is bicycle sharing an environmental practice? Evidence from a life cycle assessment based on behavioral surveys. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11061550"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2019, December 02). La Grande H\u00e9catombe des Trottinettes \u00c9lectriques \u00e0 Bruxelles. Available online: https:\/\/www.rtbf.be\/info\/regions\/detail_la-grande-hecatombe-des-trottinettes-electriques-a-bruxelles?id=10291864."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dal Lago, M., Corti, D., and Wellsandt, S. (2017, January 19\u201321). Reinterpreting the LCA Standard Procedure for PSS. Proceedings of the 9th CIRP IPSS Conference\u2014Circular Perspectives on PSS, Copenhagen, Denmark. Procedia CIRP 64.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.017"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.08.059","article-title":"An approach to assessing sustainable product-service systems","volume":"86","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2019, November 21). PR\u00e9 Consultants What\u2019s new in SimaPro 8.5. Available online: https:\/\/www.pre-sustainability.com\/download\/manuals\/SimaPro85WhatIsNew.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Moreno Ruiz, E., Valsasina, L., Fitzgerald, D., Brunner, F., Vadenbo, C., Bourgault, G., Symeonidis, A., and Wernet, G. (2017). Documentation of Changes Implemented in the Ecoinvent Database v3.4, Ecoinvent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huijbregts, M., Steinmann, Z., Elshout, P.M.F., Stam, G., Verones, F., Vieira, M.D.M., Hollander, A., Zijp, M., and van Zelm, R. (2016). ReCiPe 2016 A Harmonized Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method at Midpoint and Endpoint Level Report I: Characterization, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-016-1246-y"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Lebrun, K., Hubert, M., Huynen, P., and Patriarche, G. (2014). Les Pratiques de D\u00e9placement \u00e0 Bruxelles: Analyses Approfondis; Cahiers de l\u2019Observatoire de la Mobilit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9gion de Bruxelles-Capitale, Bruxelles Mobilit\u00e9."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kesteloot, L., Verstraeten, F., Humbert, E., and Org, P. (2019, November 21). Observatoire du V\u00e9lo en R\u00e9gion de Bruxelles Capitale Comptages et Analyse des Donn\u00e9es. Available online: https:\/\/provelo.cdn.prismic.io\/provelo%2Fb3a50823-cc98-4c08-8ceb-d0ffe8df97d1_obs_rbc_2018_rapport.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084031","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab2da8","article-title":"Are e-scooters polluters? The environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters\u2014Appendices","volume":"14","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2019, November 25). Xiaomi United States. Available online: https:\/\/www.mi.com\/us\/supports."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2019). 6t-Bureau de Recherche Usages et Usagers des Trottinettes \u00c9lectriques en Free-Floating en France, Ademe."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2018). Portland Bureau of Transportation 2018 E-SCOOTER PILOT User Survey Results, PBOT."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/5\/1803\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:02:31Z","timestamp":1760173351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/5\/1803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["su12051803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12051803","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]}}}