{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T21:36:26Z","timestamp":1780608986401,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/00462-8 and 2019\/04481-0 and 2015\/03804-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/00462-8 and 2019\/04481-0 and 2015\/03804-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001 (MO)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001 (MO)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human demands and activities introduce cross-scale pressures in different systems and scales, affecting the provision of ecosystem services and causing an unbalanced effect on human well-being within the territory. The existing institutions are frequently considered panaceas since they do not take into account the different spatial and jurisdictional scales of the social-ecological systems (SES). This paper aims to broaden the existing DPSIR (Drivers\u2013Pressures\u2013State\u2013Impact\u2013Response) assessment frameworks to strengthen the ecosystem approach and promote an integrated cross-scale perspective. The concept of the Cross-scale Ecosystem-Based Assessment (DIET) was developed and applied to a case study on the demand of seafood provisions. The assessment has indicated that the activities related to the specified demand occur at different scales and generate cumulative impacts and pressures on other scales, especially in the coastal zone. The existing responses to address this issue are highly fragmented, both spatially and among sectors. DIET was applied here to the land\u2013sea interface to illustrate how coastal zone governance and management can be improved and how the impact of certain drivers or activities in the SES can be reduced. DIET may help to reduce the governance morbidity and prevent panaceas by fostering the integration of institutions in pursuing flexible, adaptive and fit-for-purpose policies to address complex issues so as to secure social-ecological justice and well-being for all humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12156236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1596435407000},"page":"6236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Assessing the Complexity of Social-Ecological Systems: Taking Stock of the Cross-Scale Dependence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1182-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandra R.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanographic Institute, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-120, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Turra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanographic Institute, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-120, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, R. (2002). The Institutional Dimensions of Environmental Change: Fit, Interplay and Scale, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3807.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511","article-title":"Adaptative Governance of Social-ecological Systems","volume":"30","author":"Folke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15181","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702288104","article-title":"A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas","volume":"104","author":"Ostrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cash, D.W., Adger, W.N., Berkes, F., Garden, P., Lebel, L., Olsson, P., Pritchard, L., and Young, O. (2006). Scale and Cross-Scale Dynamics: Governance and Information in a Multilevel World. Ecol. Soc., 11.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01759-110208"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoon, M., and Cox, M.E. (2018). Collaboration, adaptation, and scaling: Perspectives on environmental governance for sustainability. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10030679"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampridi, M.G., S\u00f8rensen, C.G., and Bochtis, D. (2019). Agricultural sustainability: A review of concepts and methods. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11185120"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelble, C.R., Loomis, D.K., Lovelace, S., Nuttle, W.K., Ortner, P.B., Fletcher, P., Cook, G.S., Lorenz, J.J., and Boyer, J.N. (2013). The EBM-DPSER Conceptual Model: Integrating Ecosystem Services into the DPSIR Framework. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070766"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.11.020","article-title":"Interfaces with Other Disciplines A problem structuring method for ecosystem-based management: The DPSIR modelling process","volume":"227","author":"Gregory","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2015.11.001","article-title":"How the DPSIR framework can be used for structuring problems and facilitating empirical research in coastal systems","volume":"56","author":"Lewison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"United Nations (2020, July 31). The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment: World Ocean Assessment I. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/Depts\/los\/global_reporting\/WOA_RegProcess.htm."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Alkins, P., Gupta, J., and Boileau, P. (2019). Global Environment Outlook: Geo-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People, UNEP."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Brondizio, E.S., Settele, J., D\u00edaz, S., and Ngo, H.T. (2019). Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, IPBES Secretariat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, O.R. (2008). Building regimes for socioecological systems: Institutional diagnostics. Institutions and Environmental Change: Principal Findings, Applications, and Research Frontiers, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262240574.003.0004"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9065","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716545115","article-title":"Moving beyond panaceas in fisheries governance","volume":"115","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7390","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406483112","article-title":"Embedding ecosystem services in coastal planning leads to better outcomes for people and nature","volume":"112","author":"Arkema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2019.105028","article-title":"Frontiers in coastal well-being and ecosystem services research: A systematic review","volume":"185","author":"Blythe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002","article-title":"Changes in the global value of ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"Costanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47201-9","article-title":"Recent pace of change in human impact on the world\u2019s ocean","volume":"9","author":"Halpern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-014-0637-5","article-title":"Towards a framework for cross-scale and multi-level analysis of coastal and marine social-ecological systems dynamics","volume":"14","author":"Glaser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"429","article-title":"Integrated coastal reserve planning: Making the land-sea connection","volume":"3","author":"Stoms","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144702","article-title":"Integrated Land-Sea Conservation Planning: The Missing Links","volume":"42","author":"Pressey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2007.08.002","article-title":"Managing for cumulative impacts in ecosystem-based management through ocean zoning","volume":"51","author":"Halpern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.09.016","article-title":"Improving integration for integrated coastal zone management: An eight country study","volume":"439","author":"Portman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(99)00092-0","article-title":"The concept of scale and the human dimensions of global change: A survey","volume":"32","author":"Gibson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adger, W.N., Brown, K., and Tompkins, E.L. (2005). The political economy of cross-scale networks in resource co-management. Ecol. Soc., 10.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01465-100209"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01519-110127","article-title":"Vertical Interplay among Scale-dependent Environmental and Resource Regimes","volume":"11","author":"Young","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"336","article-title":"Territorial approach to Marine Geography: Preliminary reflections since the spatial planning and integrated governance","volume":"49","author":"Telles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Desenvolv. E Meio Ambient."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.11.038","article-title":"Land Use Policy Urban centres and coastal zone de fi nition: Which area should we manage?","volume":"71","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, L.R. (2020). Olitoral da Macrometr\u00f3pole: T\u00e3o longe de Deus e t\u00e3o perto do Diabo. Desenvolv. E Meio Ambient., in press.","DOI":"10.5380\/dma.v54i0.69275"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2014.10.021","article-title":"Marine governance in an industrialised ocean: A case study of the emerging marine renewable energy industry","volume":"52","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/14615517.2020.1720378","article-title":"Lost at SEA ? Environmental assessment and offshore oil and gas planning in Brazil","volume":"38","author":"Vilardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Impact Assess. Proj. Apprais."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folke, C., Pritchard, L., Berkes, F., Colding, J., and Svedin, U. (2007). The problem of fit between ecosystems and institutions: Ten years later. Ecol. Soc., 12.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-02064-120130"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2015.03.005","article-title":"ScienceDirect Institutional fit and the sustainability of social\u2014ecological systems","volume":"14","author":"Epstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.5.1.97","article-title":"Institutions","volume":"5","author":"North","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2011.05.009","article-title":"Does research applying the DPSIR framework support decision making?","volume":"29","author":"Tscherning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2015.01.013","article-title":"Key principles of marine ecosystem-based management","volume":"57","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.2307\/1312148","article-title":"Implementing Ecosystem-based Management managing a region","volume":"43","author":"Slocombe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, P.S., Fogarty, M.J., Murawski, S.A., and Fluharty, D. (2009). Integrated ecosystem assessments: Developing the scientific basis for ecosystem-based management of the ocean. PLoS Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000014"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portman, M.E. (2016). Environmental Planning for Oceans and Coasts, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26971-9"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Ecolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.18352\/ijc.864","article-title":"The Utility of Combining the IAD and SES Frameworks","volume":"13","author":"Cole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Commons"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2006)4[525:MEMFCT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Marine ecosystem based management\u2014from characterization to implementation","volume":"4","author":"Arkema","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2013.05.027","article-title":"Integrated planning for land-sea ecosystem connectivity to protect coral reefs","volume":"165","author":"Makino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.06.015","article-title":"Vulnerability assessment of the coastal wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary, China to sea-level rise","volume":"156","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2015.06.003","article-title":"ScienceDirect Living on the Margin in the Anthropocene: Engagement arenas for sustainability research and action at the ocean\u2014land interface","volume":"14","author":"Glavovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-001-0044-x","article-title":"The era of management is over","volume":"4","author":"Ludwig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2008.12.002","article-title":"Fisheries and coastal governance as a wicked problem","volume":"33","author":"Jentoft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, D.G. (2015). The action cycle\/structural context framework: A fisheries application. Ecol. Soc., 20.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-07272-200133"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal1950","article-title":"Ecosystem management as a wicked problem","volume":"356","author":"Defries","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2019.03.013","article-title":"Integrating policy and ecology systems to achieve path dependent climate solutions","volume":"98","author":"Yona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Cashore, B., and Bernstein, S. (2018). Bringing the Environment Back In Overcoming the Tragedy of the Diffusion of the Commons Metaphor, Ostrom Workshop. Available online: https:\/\/ostromworkshop.indiana.edu\/pdf\/seriespapers\/2018spr-colloq\/cashore-paper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2009.12.005","article-title":"Geoforum Structuring problems in sustainability science: The multi-level DPSIR framework","volume":"41","author":"Ness","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.03.049","article-title":"\u201cAnd DPSIR begat DAPSI(W)R(M)!\u201d\u2014A unifying framework for marine environmental management","volume":"118","author":"Elliott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2014.11.013","article-title":"A review of the application and evolution of the DPSIR framework with an emphasis on coastal social-ecological systems","volume":"103","author":"Gari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Kristensen, P. (2004). The DPSIR Framework. Eur. Environ. Agency. Natl. Environ. Res. Institute, Dep. Policy Anal. Denmark, 1\u201310. Available online: https:\/\/wwz.ifremer.fr\/dce\/content\/download\/69291\/913220\/...\/DPSIR.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Xavier, L.Y., and Turra, A. (2013). Entendendo os problemas socioambientais: Passos para construir a agenda 21 local. Aprendizagem Social e Unidades de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o: Aprender Juntos Para Cuidar dos Recursos Naturais, IEE\/PROCAM."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"UNEP (2020, July 31). Guidelines for Conducting Integrated Environmental Assessments. UN Environ. Available online: https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11822\/16775\/IEA_2017_02_17_LivingDocument.pdf?sequence=1&amp%3BisAllowed=."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"DPSIR-Two decades of trying to develop a unifying framework for marine environmental management?","volume":"3","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"FOS (2007). Using Results Chains to Improve Strategy Effectiveness. FoS How-To Guid., 1\u201315. Available online: http:\/\/conservationgateway.org\/Documents\/FOS-Results-Chain-Guide-2007-05.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"FOS (2009). Using Conceptual Models to Document a Situation Analysis. Foundations, Available online: https:\/\/fosonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/09\/FOS_Conceputal_Model_Guide_April2009.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-003-0059-2","article-title":"The use of DPSIR framework to evaluate sustainability in coastal areas. Case study: Guanabara Bay basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"4","author":"Bidone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Turra, A., Santos, C.R., Peres, C.M., Seixas, S.C., Shinoda, C.D., Stori, F.T., Xavier, L.Y., Andrade, M.M., Santana, M.F.M., and Rodrigues, M.V. (2018). PLDS\/Ara\u00e7\u00e1 Plano Local de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel da Ba\u00eda do Ara\u00e7\u00e1, Instituto Oceanogr\u00e1fico, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4422asoc166v2022017","article-title":"Environmental impact assessment under an ecosystem approach: The S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o harbor expansion project","volume":"20","author":"Turra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ambient. E Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2013.07.010","article-title":"Socio-ecological accounting: DPSWR, a modified DPSIR framework, and its application to marine ecosystems","volume":"94","author":"Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.07.026","article-title":"Integrated marine science and management: Wading through the morass","volume":"86","author":"Elliott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00144","article-title":"Managing the marine environment, conceptual models and assessment considerations for the European marine strategy framework directive","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2020.06.002","article-title":"Advances in understanding the evolution of institutions in complex social-ecological systems","volume":"44","author":"Epstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"EMPLASA (2020, July 31). Macrometr\u00f3pole Paulista, Available online: https:\/\/emplasa.sp.gov.br\/MMP."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"EMPLASA (2020, July 31). Plano de A\u00e7\u00e3o da Macrometr\u00f3pole Paulista 2013\u20132040: Cen\u00e1rios e Desafios da Macrometr\u00f3pole, Available online: https:\/\/emplasa.sp.gov.br\/Comunicacao\/Releases\/Release\/PAM-2013-2040-ganha-quatro-publicacoes."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"121","article-title":"Nova escala de planejamento, investimento e governan\u00e7a na macrometr\u00f3pole paulista","volume":"12","author":"Negreiros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Urban"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2020, July 31). IBGE\u2014Instituto de Biogeografia e Estat\u00edstica Estimativas da Popula\u00e7\u00e3o, Available online: https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/estatisticas\/sociais\/populacao\/9103-estimativas-de-populacao.html?=&t=downloads."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2020, July 31). SEADE PIB Munic\u00edpios Paulistas 2002\u20132016, Available online: https:\/\/www.seade.gov.br\/apps\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/PIB_Municipal_ed2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2020, July 31). SIGAM APA\u2014\u00c1rea de Prote\u00e7\u00e3o Ambiental Marinha do Litoral Norte, Available online: https:\/\/www.sigam.ambiente.sp.gov.br\/sigam3\/Default.aspx?idPagina=15387."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Mossini, E. (2005). Gest\u00e3o Ambiental Portu\u00e1ria: Estudo de Conflito S\u00f3cio-Ambiental. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Santos]."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-76122006000600005","article-title":"da Fronteiras da gest\u00e3o: Os conflitos ambientais das atividades portu\u00e1rias","volume":"40","author":"Cunha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Adm. P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, P.H.C., Ramos, R.F., and Gon\u00e7alves, L.R. (2019). Environemntal conflicts ar S\u00e3o Paulo Macrometropolis: Paranapiacaba and S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o. Ambient. Soc., 22.","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4422asoc20190101vu2019l2ao"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.08.037","article-title":"Environmental assessment of dredged sediment in the major Latin American seaport (Santos, Sa&tild;o Paulo\u2014Brazil): An integrated approach","volume":"497\u2013498","author":"Cesar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Teixeira, L.R. (2013). Megaprojetos no litoral norte paulista: O papel dos grandes empreendimentos de infraestrutura na transforma\u00e7\u00e3o regional. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas]."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"dos Santos, C.R., and Turra, A. (2017). Rumos da Sustentabilidade Costeira: Uma vis\u00e3o do Litoral Norte Paulista, Instituto Oceanogr\u00e1fico, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"6","article-title":"Urbaniza\u00e7\u00e3o difusa e a constitui\u00e7\u00e3o de megarregi\u00f5es: O caso de S\u00e3o Paulo-Rio de Janeiro","volume":"6","author":"Lencione","year":"2015","journal-title":"E-Metropolis"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"S\u00e3o Paulo (2020, July 31). S\u00e3o Paulo Estate Coastal Management Plan. Brazil. 1998. Available online: https:\/\/smastr16.blob.core.windows.net\/cpla\/2011\/05\/Lei-Est.-N%C2%BA-10.019-de-3-de-Julho-de-1998.pdf."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"208","article-title":"O mercado de pescado em S\u00e3o Paulo*","volume":"28","author":"Neiva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Simp\u00f3sio Qual. Do Pescado"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Instituto de Pesca (2020, July 31). Programa de Monitoramento da Atividade Pesqueira Marinha e Estuarina do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo PMAP-SP, Available online: https:\/\/www.agricultura.sp.gov.br\/programas-e-projetos\/programa-de-monitoramento-da-atividade-pesqueira-marinha-e-estuarina-do-instituto-de-pesca-pmap\/."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"FAO (2018). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020\u2014Meeting the Sustainable Development Goal, FAO."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"\u00c1vila-da-Silva, A.O., Carneiro, M.H., Mendon\u00e7a, J.T., Bastos, G.C.C., Miranda, L.V., Ribeiro, W.D.R., and Santos, S.D. (2019). Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Pesqueira Marinha e Estuarina do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo: Novembro de 2019, S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"CEAGESP (2020, July 31). Produtos Recebidos e Varejo No CEAGESP, Available online: http:\/\/www.ceagesp.gov.br\/produtos-categoria\/pescados."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Macfadyen, G., Huntington, T., and Cappell, R. (2009). Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear, FAO. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"62","article-title":"Projeto Petrechos de Pesca Perdidos no Mar e o Sistema Linha Azul de Log\u00edstica Reversa","volume":"7","author":"Casarini","year":"2018","journal-title":"UNISANTA Biosci."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Zundt, C. (2006). Baixada Santista: Uso, expans\u00e3o e ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o do solo, estrutura\u00e7\u00e3o de rede urbana regional e metropoliza\u00e7\u00e3o. Novas Metr\u00f3poles Paulistas\u2014Popula\u00e7\u00e3o, Vulnerabilidade e Segrega\u00e7\u00e3o, esp ed., NEPO\/UNICAMP."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, L.R., Fidelman, P.I.J., and Turra, A. (2019, January 6\u20139). An institutional interplay perspective to multi-level governance: The case of the S\u00e3o Paulo Macrometropolitan region. Proceedings of the VI Earth System Annual Conference, Oaxaca, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Brazil (2020, July 31). National Aquaculture and Fisheries Policy, Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/_Ato2007-2010\/2009\/Lei\/L11959.htm."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Brazil (2020, July 31). National Maritime Policy, Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/decreto\/1990-1994\/D1265.htm."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Brazil (2020, July 31). National Policy for Sea Resources, Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/_Ato2004-2006\/2005\/Decreto\/D5377.htm."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Brazil (2020, July 31). National Coastal Management Plan, Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/_ato2004-2006\/2004\/decreto\/d5300.htm."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.002","article-title":"Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues","volume":"54","author":"Katsanevakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Brazil (2020, July 31). National Transport Policy, Available online: https:\/\/www.infraestrutura.gov.br\/images\/2018\/POLITICA_PLANEJAMENTO_TRANSPORTES\/documentos\/resumo_executivo_PNT_portugues.pdf."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Oliveira, M. (2019). De Integra\u00e7\u00e3o de Pol\u00edticas P\u00fablicas na Zona Costeira: Incorporando a Gest\u00e3o Baseada em Ecossistemas (GBE). [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of S\u00e3o Paulo]."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Brazil (2020, July 31). Protected Areas National System (SNUC), Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/leis\/l9985.htm."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2018.11.013","article-title":"Sewing a blue patchwork: An analysis of marine policies implementation in the Southeast of Brazil","volume":"168","author":"Stori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Shinoda, D.C., dos Santos, C.R., and Turra, A. (2017). Conflitos e Sinergias dos instrumentos de gest\u00e3o territorial e ambiental incidentes na Zona Costeira com destaque na Ba\u00eda do Ara\u00e7. Rumos da Sustentabilidade Costeira: Uma Vis\u00e3o do Litoral Norte Paulista, Instituto Oceanogr\u00e1fico."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Asmus, M., Kitzmann, D., Laydner, C., and Gest\u00e3o Costeria no Brasil: Estado Atual e Perspectivas (2020, July 31). Programa de Apoyo a la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada en la Zona Costera Uruguaya 2004. Available online: http:\/\/repositorio.furg.br\/handle\/1\/2174."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Stokke, O.S. (2001). The Interplay of International Regimes: Putting Effectiveness Theory to Work, Fridtjof Nansen Institute."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"S\u00e3o Paulo (2020, July 31). S\u00e3o Paulo State Fisheries Law. Brazil. 2002, Available online: https:\/\/www.al.sp.gov.br\/repositorio\/legislacao\/lei\/2002\/lei-11165-27.06.2002.html."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2989\/1814232X.2018.1468278","article-title":"Review of progress with integrated coastal management in South Africa since the advent of democracy","volume":"40","author":"Sowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"371","article-title":"Interplay management: Enhancing environmental policy integration among international institutions","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Environ. Agreem. Polit. Law Econ."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.016","article-title":"Unpacking multilevel adaptation to climate change in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia","volume":"23","author":"Fidelman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2003)001[0479:ICADAC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Integrating conservation and development: A case of institutional misfit","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/15\/6236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:53:53Z","timestamp":1760176433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/15\/6236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["su12156236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12156236","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]}}}