{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:32:09Z","timestamp":1780720329671,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P004180\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P004180\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The natural capital and ecosystem services concepts describe the multiple benefits people get from nature. Urbanisation has been identified as one of the key factors influencing the decline of natural capital globally. Urbanisation has also been associated with a recent increase in urban flooding incidents in most cities globally. While the understanding of blue-green infrastructure in urban drainage is well established, little is said about its influence on natural capital. This study utilises the Natural Capital Planning Tool, Benefits Evaluation of Sustainable Drainage Systems tool and expert stakeholder interviews to assess the influence of blue-green and grey infrastructure as adaptation pathways in urban drainage, on natural capital and ecosystem services, and to determine how these contribute to other forms of human-derived capital. Key findings show that blue-green options can enhance natural capital and ecosystem services such as amenity value while also contributing to social and human capital. Although the assessed blue-green options contribute to regulating ecosystem services such as floods regulation, their most significant contribution is in cultural ecosystem services, especially amenity value. It is concluded that incorporating blue-green infrastructure in urban drainage adaptive approaches can mitigate natural capital losses and contribute to other forms of capital crucial for human well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13052571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T20:55:44Z","timestamp":1614459344000},"page":"2571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Influence of Blue-Green and Grey Infrastructure Combinations on Natural and Human-Derived Capital in Urban Drainage Planning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6930-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sikhululekile","family":"Ncube","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Energy, GeoScience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Energy, GeoScience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/366)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.07.065","article-title":"Managing urban stormwater for urban sustainability: Barriers and policy solutions for green infrastructure application","volume":"203","author":"Dhakal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locatelli, L., Guerrero, M., Russo, B., Mart\u00ednez-Gomariz, E., Sunyer, D., and Mart\u00ednez, M. (2020). Socio-Economic Assessment of Green Infrastructure for Climate Change Adaptation in the Context of Urban Drainage Planning. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12093792"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, A., G\u00f3mez, J.P., Vojinovic, Z., S\u00e1nchez, A., and Weesakul, S. (2018). Combining Co-Benefits and Stakeholders Perceptions into Green Infrastructure Selection for Flood Risk Reduction. Environment, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments5020029"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner, R., O\u2019Donnell, E., Ahilan, S., Dawson, D., Kapetas, L., Krivtsov, V., Ncube, S., and Vercruysse, K. (2019). Achieving Urban Flood Resilience in an Uncertain Future. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11051082"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-016-2309-x","article-title":"Sustainable urban drainage systems: Examining the potential for green infrastructure-based stormwater management for Sub-Saharan cities","volume":"82","author":"Mguni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Mikkelsen, P., Halsn\u00e6s, K., and Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K. (2012). Framework for economic pluvial flood risk assessment considering climate change effects and adaptation benefits. J. Hydrol., 539\u2013549.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.11.031"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabisch, N., Korn, H., Stadler, J., and Bonn, A. (2017). Integrating the Grey, Green, and Blue in Cities: Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Reduction. Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56091-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2017.1396352","article-title":"Retrofitting urban drainage infrastructure: Green or grey?","volume":"15","author":"Dolowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabisch, N., Korn, H., Stadler, J., and Bonn, A. (2017). Impacts of Climate Change on Urban Areas and Nature-Based Solutions for Adaptation. Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56091-5"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dushkova, D., and Haase, D. (2020). Not Simply Green: Nature-Based Solutions as a Concept and Practical Approach for Sustainability Studies and Planning Agendas in Cities. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9010019"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghofrani, Z., Sposito, V., and Faggian, R. (2017). A Comprehensive Review of Blue-Green Infrastructure Concepts. Int. J. Environ. Sustain., 6.","DOI":"10.24102\/ijes.v6i1.728"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.081","article-title":"Quantifying volume reduction and peak flow mitigation for three bioretention cells in clay soils in northeast Ohio","volume":"553","author":"Winston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05017008","DOI":"10.1061\/JSWBAY.0000848","article-title":"Demonstrating and Monetizing the Multiple Benefits from Using SuDS","volume":"4","author":"Ashley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Water Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabisch, N., Frantzeskaki, N., Pauleit, S., Naumann, S., Davis, M., Artmann, M., Haase, D., Knapp, S., Korn, H., and Stadler, J. (2016). Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: Perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action. Ecol. Soc., 21.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-08373-210239"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1680\/jwama.16.00048","article-title":"Spatial evaluation of the multiple benefits of sustainable drainage systems","volume":"172","author":"Morgan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7692","DOI":"10.1021\/es300826w","article-title":"Effectiveness of Green Infrastructure for Improvement of Air Quality in Urban Street Canyons","volume":"46","author":"Pugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.10.017","article-title":"Ecosystem services in urban plans: What is there, and what is still needed for better decisions","volume":"70","author":"Cortinovis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.09.013","article-title":"Monetary value of urban green space as an ecosystem service provider: A case study of urban runoff management in Finland","volume":"28","author":"Silvennoinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-014-0510-2","article-title":"From Multifunctionality to Multiple Ecosystem Services? A Conceptual Framework for Multifunctionality in Green Infrastructure Planning for Urban Areas","volume":"43","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/1752-1688.12854","article-title":"Sustainable Flood Risk and Stormwater Management in Blue-Green Cities; an Interdisciplinary Case Study in Portland, Oregon","volume":"56","author":"Thorne","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2015.08.007","article-title":"Understanding spatial patterns in the production of multiple urban ecosystem services","volume":"16","author":"Holt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3828\/tpr.2014.35","article-title":"Delivering ecosystems services via spatial planning: Reviewing the possibilities and implications of a green infrastructure approach","volume":"85","author":"Lennon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Town Plan. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2016.10.005","article-title":"Spatial planning for multifunctional green infrastructure: Growing resilience in Detroit","volume":"159","author":"Meerow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.12.014","article-title":"Stocks and flows of natural and human-derived capital in ecosystem services","volume":"52","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Natural Capital Committee (2020, February 13). The State of Natural Capital: Protecting and Improving Natural Capital for Prosperity and Well Being, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/natural-capital-committees-third-state-of-natural-capital-report."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"DEFRA (2020, July 05). Enabling a Natural Capital Approach: A guidance, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/enabling-a-natural-capital-approach-enca-guidance."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7348","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503751112","article-title":"Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions: From promise to practice","volume":"112","author":"Guerry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.09.008","article-title":"Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go?","volume":"28","author":"Costanza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.01.020","article-title":"The concept of ecosystem services in adaptive urban planning and design: A framework for supporting innovation","volume":"125","author":"Ahern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/gry022","article-title":"Measuring natural capital: Towards accounts for the UK and a basis for improved decision-making","volume":"35","author":"Bright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxf. Rev. Econ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190204","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0204","article-title":"Integrating blue-green and grey infrastructure through an adaptation pathways approach to surface water flooding","volume":"378","author":"Kapetas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110603","article-title":"Urban green infrastructure: A review on valuation toolkits from an urban planning perspective","volume":"267","author":"Cools","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.006","article-title":"Dynamic adaptive policy pathways: A method for crafting robust decisions for a deeply uncertain world","volume":"23","author":"Haasnoot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1680\/jwama.16.00103","article-title":"Evaluating the multiple benefits of a sustainable drainage scheme in Newcastle, UK","volume":"171","author":"Woodhouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"28","article-title":"The blue-green path to urban flood resilience","volume":"2","author":"Thorne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blue-Green Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax0903","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax0903","article-title":"Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective","volume":"5","author":"Bratman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Sutton Council (2020). London Borough of Sutton Local Flood Risk Management Strategy, Sutton Council."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Transport for London (2016). SUDS in London: A Design Guide, Transport for London."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Sutton Council (2020). London Borough of Sutton Air quality Action Plan 2019\u20132023, Sutton Council."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Holzinger, O., Sadler, J., and Scott, A. (2018, August 20). Natural Capital Planning Tool. Available online: http:\/\/ncptool.com\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Horton, B., Digman, C.J., Ashley, R.M., and McMullan, J. (2019). Benefits of SuDS Tool\u2013Guidance to Assess the Benefits of Blue and Green Infrastructure Using B\u00a3ST, CIRIA."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-018-3349-1","article-title":"Assessing real options in urban surface water flood risk management under climate change","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"207","article-title":"Retrofit SuDS\u2014Cost estimates and decision-support tools","volume":"160","author":"Stovin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/15730620701318479","article-title":"Experiences with benchmarking of sewerage systems with a special focus on investment costs","volume":"4","author":"Starkl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05020003","DOI":"10.1061\/JSWBAY.0000919","article-title":"Valuing the Multiple Benefits of Blue-Green Infrastructure for a Swedish Case Study: Contrasting the Economic Assessment Tools B\u00a3ST and TEEB","volume":"6","author":"Hamann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Water Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2003). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.03.036","article-title":"Assessing the Co-Benefits of green-blue-grey infrastructure for sustainable urban flood risk management","volume":"239","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-6593.2011.00259.x","article-title":"Valuing amenity: Public perceptions of sustainable drainage systems ponds","volume":"26","author":"Bastien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Environ. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarvie, J., Arthur, S., and Beevers, L. (2017). Valuing Multiple Benefits, and the Public Perception of SUDS Ponds. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9020128"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2018.08.011","article-title":"Including uncertainty in valuing blue and green infrastructure for stormwater management","volume":"33","author":"Ashley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2011.11.011","article-title":"Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values","volume":"74","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2012.08.001","article-title":"Benefits and limitations of the ecosystem services concept in environmental policy and decision making: Some stakeholder perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Hauck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hein, L., Bagstad, K., Edens, B., Obst, C., De Jong, R., and Lesschen, J.P. (2016). Defining Ecosystem Assets for Natural Capital Accounting. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164460"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1890\/080126","article-title":"Non-linearity in ecosystem services: Temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection","volume":"7","author":"Koch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/21513732.2018.1489306","article-title":"Assessment of changes in ecosystem service delivery\u2013A historical perspective on catchment landscapes","volume":"14","author":"Ncube","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouma, J.A., and van Beukering, P.J.H. (2015). The role of biodiversity in the provision of ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services: From Concept to Practice, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107477612"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/5\/2571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:29:59Z","timestamp":1760160599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/5\/2571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["su13052571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13052571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]}}}