{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:20:14Z","timestamp":1771658414893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008561","name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J510050002\/2021049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J510050002\/2021049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Energy management and exchange have increasingly shifted from concentrated to hierarchical modes. Numerous issues have arisen in the decentralized energy sector, including the storage of customer data and the need to ensure data integrity, fairness, and accountability in the transaction phase. The problem is that in the field of the innovative technology of blockchain and its applications, with the energy sector still in the developmental stages, there is still a need for more research to understand the full capacity of the technology in the field. The main aim of this work was to investigate the state of the current research of blockchain technologies as well as their application within the field of energy. This work also set out to identify certain research gaps and provide a set of recommendations for future directions. Among these research gaps is the application of blockchain in decentralized storage, the integration of blockchain with artificial intelligence, and security and privacy concerns, which have not received much attention despite their importance. An analysis of fifty-seven carefully reviewed studies revealed that the emerging blockchain which provides privacy-protection technologies in cryptography and other areas that can be integrated to address users\u2019 privacy concerns is another aspect that needs further investigation. Grid operations, economies, and customers will all learn from blockchain technology as it provides disintermediation, confidentiality, and tamper-proof transfers. Moreover, it provides innovative ways for customers and small solar generators to participate more actively in the electricity sector and to benefit from their properties. Blockchains are a rapidly evolving field of research and growth. A study of this emerging technology is necessary to increase comprehension, to educate the body of expertise on blockchains, and to realize its potential. This study recommends that future work investigates the potential application of blockchain in the energy sector as well as the challenges that face its implementation from the perspective of policy makers. This future approach will enable researchers to direct their focus to the case studies approach, which will facilitate and ease the application of blockchain technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T10:54:41Z","timestamp":1628765681000},"page":"9008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Toward Blockchain Technology in the Energy Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8004-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahia","family":"Baashar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2456-4033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamal","family":"Alkawsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2067-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar Ahmed","family":"Alkahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wahidah","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rina Azlin","family":"Razali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sieh Kiong","family":"Tiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109585","article-title":"Blockchain for power systems: Current trends and future applications","volume":"119","author":"Gallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.106811","article-title":"Blockchain technology in the future smart grids: A com-prehensive review and frameworks","volume":"129","author":"Hasankhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103007","article-title":"Blockchain for IoT-based smart cities: Recent advances, requirements, and future challenges","volume":"16","author":"Majeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00450-017-0348-5","article-title":"Privacy-preserving blockchain-based electric vehicle charging with dynamic tariff decisions","volume":"33","author":"Knirsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, Y., Matsumoto, R., and Sasai, H. (2015, January 13\u201316). Mechanical optimization of series hybrid electric vehicle with plant oil electric generator. Proceedings of the 2015 15th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAS.2015.7364888"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, S., Zhou, E., Pi, B., Sun, J., Nomura, Y., and Kurihara, H. (2017, January 4\u20137). Apply blockchain technology to electric vehicle battery refuelling. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa Village, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2018.567"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2018.10.006","article-title":"Consumer preferences for business models in electric vehicle adoption","volume":"73","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119621201.ch14","article-title":"Trading Energy as a Digital Asset: A Blockchain-Based Energy Market","volume":"2020","author":"Pop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryptocurr. Blockchain Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannaro, K., Pinna, A., and Marchesi, M. (2017, January 20\u201322). Crypto-trading: Blockchain-oriented energy market. Proceedings of the 2017 AEIT International Annual Conference, Cagliari, Italy.","DOI":"10.23919\/AEIT.2017.8240547"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.03.002","article-title":"Review of blockchain-based distributed energy: Implications for institutional development","volume":"107","author":"Ahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2021.101593","article-title":"Blockchain technology as an enabler of consumer trust: A text mining literature analysis","volume":"60","author":"Moro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2020.101519","article-title":"Smart contracts on the blockchain\u2014A bibliometric analysis and review","volume":"57","author":"Ante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., and Tran, N.K. (2018). Application of Blockchain Technology in Sustainable Energy Systems: An Overview. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10093067"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.7903\/cmr.19650","article-title":"Benefits and Risks of Using Blockchain in Smart Energy: A Literature Review","volume":"15","author":"Erturk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp. Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnlest.2020.100011","article-title":"Blockchain energy: Blockchain in future energy systems","volume":"17","author":"Teufel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electron. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.12720\/sgce.8.3.245-256","article-title":"Towards the decentralized revolution in energy systems using blockchain technology","volume":"8","author":"Cali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Grid Clean Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.10.014","article-title":"Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities","volume":"100","author":"Andoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Survey of Blockchain Applications in the Energy Sector","volume":"3","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.14419\/ijet.v7i4.35.22342","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Individuals\u2019 Acceptance of IOT-based Technologies","volume":"7","author":"Alkawsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baashar, Y.M., Mahomood, A.K., Almomani, M.A., and Alkawsi, G. (2016, January 15\u201317). Customer relationship management (CRM) in healthcare organization: A review of ten years of research. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCOINS.2016.7783196"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkawsi, G., Mahmood, A.K., and Baashar, Y.M. (2015, January 19\u201320). Factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing in SME: A systematic review. Proceedings of the 2015 International Symposium on Mathematical Sciences and Computing Research (iSMSC), Ipoh, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMSC.2015.7594056"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2020.103442","article-title":"Customer relationship management systems (CRMS) in the healthcare environment: A systematic literature review","volume":"71","author":"Baashar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baashar, Y., Alkawsi, G., Ali, N., Alhussian, H., and Bahbouh, H.T. (2021, January 13\u201315). Predicting student\u2019s performance using machine learning methods: A systematic literature review. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Computer & Information Sciences (ICCOINS), Kuching, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCOINS49721.2021.9497185"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.106918","article-title":"An approach for applying blockchain technology in centralized electricity markets","volume":"34","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.11.013","article-title":"Study of blockchain based smart grid for energy optimization","volume":"44","author":"Patil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"24","article-title":"An approach to minimize the energy consumption during blockchain transaction","volume":"2","author":"Nair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.116365","article-title":"Enabling low-voltage, peer-to-peer, quasi-real-time electricity markets through consortium blockchains","volume":"288","author":"Bischi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Meng, K., Xu, S., Li, S., Ding, M., and Suo, Y. Democratic Centralism: A Hybrid Blockchain Architecture and Its Applications in Energy Internet. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Energy Internet (ICEI), Piscataway, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEI.2017.38"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danzi, P., Angjelichinoski, M., Stefanovic, C., and Popovski, P. (2017, January 23\u201327). Distributed proportional-fairness control in microgrids via blockchain smart contracts. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2017.8340713"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9917","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2806303","article-title":"GridMonitoring: Secured Sovereign Blockchain Based Monitoring on Smart Grid","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pop, C., Cioara, T., Antal, M., Anghel, I., Salomie, I., and Bertoncini, M. (2018). Blockchain Based Decentralized Management of Demand Response Programs in Smart Energy Grids. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010162"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyriakarakos, G., and Papadakis, G. (2018). Microgrids for Productive Uses of Energy in the Developing World and Blockchain: A Promising Future. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8040580"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2016.2616861","article-title":"Security and Privacy in Decentralized Energy Trading Through Multi-Signatures, Blockchain and Anonymous Messaging Streams","volume":"15","author":"Aitzhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00450-017-0360-9","article-title":"A blockchain-based smart grid: Towards sustainable local energy markets","volume":"33","author":"Mengelkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mylrea, M., and Gourisetti, S.N.G. (2017). Blockchain for smart grid resilience: Exchanging distributed energy at speed, scale and security. 2017 Resilience Week (RWS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).","DOI":"10.1109\/RWEEK.2017.8088642"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustafa, M.A., Cleemput, S., and Abidin, A. (2016, January 9\u201312). A local electricity trading market: Security analysis. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), Ljubljana, Slovenia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope.2016.7856269"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihaylov, M., Razo-Zapata, I.S., and Nowe, A. (2018). NRGcoin\u2014A Blockchain-based Reward Mechanism for Both Production and Consumption of Renewable Energy. Transforming Climate Finance and Green Investment with Blockchains, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814447-3.00009-4"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imbault, F., Swiatek, M., De Beaufort, R., and Plana, R. (2017, January 6\u20139). The green blockchain: Managing decentralized energy production and consumption. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC\/I&CPS Europe), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2017.7977613"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, N., Alnumay, W.S., Al-Rahmi, W.M., Alzahrani, A.I., and Al-Samarraie, H. (2020). Modeling Cost Saving and Innovativeness for Blockchain Technology Adoption by Energy Management. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13184783"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"3122","article-title":"Blockchain-Empowered Socially Optimal Transactive Energy System: Framework and Implementation","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.106002","article-title":"Use cases for Blockchain in the Energy Industry Opportunities of emerging business models and related risks","volume":"137","author":"Pallotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2020.100275","article-title":"Integrating blockchain technology into the energy sector\u2014From theory of blockchain to research and application of energy blockchain","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2019.03.008","article-title":"Blockchain for decentralized transactive energy management system in networked microgrids","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173817","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2957211","article-title":"Blockchain-Based Distributed Energy Trading in Energy Internet: An SDN Approach","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.15407\/emodel.38.02.093","article-title":"Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids","volume":"38","author":"Konashevych","year":"2016","journal-title":"\u00c8lektronnoe Modelirovanie"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.06.054","article-title":"Designing microgrid energy markets: A case study: The Brooklyn Microgrid","volume":"210","author":"Mengelkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"27","article-title":"The emergence of consumer-centric electricity markets","volume":"34","author":"Pinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Distrib. Util."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mylrea, M., and Gourisetti, S.N.G. (2017). Cybersecurity and optimization in smart \u2018autonomous\u2019 buildings. Autonomy and Artificial Intelligence: A Threat or Savior?, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59719-5_12"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2018.2819663","article-title":"Distributed Blockchain-Based Data Protection Framework for Modern Power Systems Against Cyber Attacks","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahn, A., Singh, R., Liu, C.-C., and Chen, S. (2017, January 23\u201326). Smart contract-based campus demonstration of decentralized transactive energy auctions. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT.2017.8086092"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012065","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/93\/1\/012065","article-title":"Research on application model of blockchain technology in distributed electricity market","volume":"93","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2020.101595","article-title":"The development of energy blockchain and its implications for China\u2019s energy sector","volume":"66","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahl, A., Goto, M., Yarime, M., Tanaka, K., and Sagawa, D. (2019, January 12\u201315). Practical Challenges and Opportunities of Blockchain in the Energy Sector: Expert Perspectives in Germany. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Applied Energy, V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden.","DOI":"10.46855\/energy-proceedings-1630"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, L.W., Lee, S., and Chang, H. (2018). A Sustainable Home Energy Prosumer-Chain Methodology with Energy Tags over the Blockchain. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10030658"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.116123","article-title":"A novel decentralized platform for peer-to-peer energy trading market with blockchain technology","volume":"282","author":"Esmat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2018.11.001","article-title":"Blockchain and the future of energy","volume":"57","author":"Brilliantova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.10.056","article-title":"A review on peak load shaving strategies","volume":"82","author":"Uddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"UK Government Chief Scientific Adviser (2015). Distributed Ledger Technology: Beyond Block Chain."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Department of Energy and Cilmate Change (2015). Review of the Feed-In Tariffs Scheme, Department of Energy and Cilmate Change."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, N.H., Kang, S.M., and Hong, C.S. (2017, January 27\u201329). Mobile charger billing system using lightweight Blockchain. Proceedings of the 2017 19th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/APNOMS.2017.8094151"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226409","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3044612","article-title":"AEBIS: AI-Enabled Blockchain-Based Electric Vehicle Integration System for Power Management in Smart Grid Platform","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2990686","article-title":"Federated Learning With Blockchain for Autonomous Vehicles: Analysis and Design Challenges","volume":"68","author":"Pokhrel","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.09.016","article-title":"Toward blockchain-based renewable energy microgrid design considering default risk and demand uncertainty","volume":"163","author":"Tsao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110452","article-title":"Toward sustainable microgrids with blockchain technology-based peer-to-peer energy trading mechanism: A fuzzy meta-heuristic approach","volume":"136","author":"Tsao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7096","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2018.2854642","article-title":"Reliability Modeling and Evaluation of Active Cyber Physical Distribution System","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danzi, P., Hambridge, S., Stefanovic, C., and Popovski, P. (2018, January 29\u201331). Blockchain-Based and Multi-Layered Electricity Imbalance Settlement Architecture. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm), Aalborg, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2018.8587577"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.10.006","article-title":"A review of Internet of Things for smart home: Challenges and solutions","volume":"140","author":"Stojkoska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aung, Y.N., and Tantidham, T. (2017, January 2\u20133). Review of Ethereum: Smart home case study. Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Information Technology (INCIT), Nakhonpathom, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/INCIT.2017.8257877"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Oriano, L., Mastandrea, G., Rana, G., Raveduto, G., Croce, V., Verber, M., and Bertoncini, M. (2018, January 20\u201321). Decentralized blockchain flexibility system for Smart Grids: Requirements engineering and use cases. Proceedings of the 2018 International IEEE Conference and Workshop in \u00d3buda on Electrical and Power Engineering (CANDO-EPE), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/CANDO-EPE.2018.8601171"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25657","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2835309","article-title":"Adaptive Blockchain-Based Electric Vehicle Participation Scheme in Smart Grid Platform","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pustisek, M., Kos, A., and Sedlar, U. (2016, January 20\u201321). Blockchain Based Autonomous Selection of Electric Vehicle Charging Station. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Identification, Information and Knowledge in the Internet of Things (IIKI), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IIKI.2016.60"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, S., Dao, N.-N., Lee, Y., Lee, C., and Cho, S. (2018, January 3\u20136). Blockchain Based Billing System for Electric Vehicle and Charging Station. Proceedings of the 2018 Tenth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), Prague, Czechia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2018.8436987"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2018.2801552","article-title":"A Framework for Determining Blockchain Applicability","volume":"35","author":"Scriber","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2890213","article-title":"BBARS: Blockchain-Based Anonymous Rewarding Scheme for V2G Networks","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2903172","article-title":"A Survey and Evaluation of the Potentials of Distributed Ledger Technology for Peer-to-Peer Transactive Energy Exchanges in Local Energy Markets","volume":"13","author":"Siano","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, Y.-B., Im, J.-H., Kwon, H.-Y., Jeon, S.-Y., and Lee, M.-K. (2020). Privacy-preserving peer-to-peer energy trading in block-chain-enabled smart grids using functional encryption. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13061321"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2020.08.012","article-title":"Achieving efficient and Privacy-preserving energy trading based on blockchain and ABE in smart grid","volume":"147","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danish, S.M., Zhang, K., and Jacobsen, H.-A. (2020, January 2\u20136). A Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Intelligent Charging Station Selection for Electric Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC48266.2020.9169419"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4112","article-title":"A Distributed framework for detecting DDoS attacks in smart contract-based Blockchain-IoT Systems by leveraging Fog computing","volume":"32","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2973651","article-title":"Blockchain Empowered Asynchronous Federated Learning for Secure Data Sharing in Internet of Vehicles","volume":"69","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firoozjaei, M.D., Ghorbani, A., Kim, H., and Song, J. (2020). Hy-Bridge: A Hybrid Blockchain for Privacy-Preserving and Trustful Energy Transactions in Internet-of-Things Platforms. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030928"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2893433","article-title":"Privacy-Preserving Energy Trading Using Consortium Blockchain in Smart Grid","volume":"15","author":"Gai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahaya, A.S., Javaid, N., Khalid, R., Imran, M., and Naseer, N. (2020, January 7\u201311). A Blockchain based Privacy-Preserving System for Electric Vehicles through Local Communication. Proceedings of the ICC 2020\u20142020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9149129"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg, S., Kaur, K., Kaddoum, G., Gagnon, F., and Rodrigues, J. (2019, January 20\u201324). An Efficient Blockchain-Based Hierarchical Authentication Mechanism for Energy Trading in V2G Environment. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2019.8756952"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/16\/9008\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:44:30Z","timestamp":1760165070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/16\/9008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["su13169008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13169008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]}}}