{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T19:41:06Z","timestamp":1776800466770,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Flanders Research Foundation (FWO)","award":["Grant agreement S010317N within the Strategic Basic Research program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant agreement S010317N within the Strategic Basic Research program"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study builds on a research-practitioner partnership embedded within an education for sustainable development (ESD) project and aims to explore the major potential challenges (i.e., disciplinary boundaries set by subject specialization, especially in secondary education) and success factors (i.e., teacher co-learning experiences in ESD) associated with differences in teachers\u2019 professional action competence (PACesd) in a sample of 557 in-service teachers in primary and secondary schools in Flanders, Belgium. The study employed a recently validated PACesd measurement instrument and involved quantitative data analysis in a structural equation modelling framework. The results show that primary education teachers tend to report higher PACesd levels compared to their peers in secondary education. Moreover, regardless of educational level, gender and teaching experience, all teachers participating in a working group or a learning community in ESD are more likely to show higher levels of PACesd. Implications of the findings, limitations and directions for future research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14020767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1641933184000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Differences in Teachers\u2019 Professional Action Competence in Education for Sustainable Development: The Importance of Teacher Co-Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria Magdalena","family":"Isac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Political Science Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Italian Institute for the Evaluation of the Education System (INVALSI), 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3573-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanda","family":"Sass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Edubron, Department of Training and Education Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8496-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelle Boeve-de","family":"Pauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Edubron, Department of Training and Education Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2888-1631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"De Maeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Edubron, Department of Training and Education Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Schelfhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Didactica, Antwerp School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4078-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Van Petegem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Edubron, Department of Training and Education Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Claes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Political Science Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNESCO (2020). 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