{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T01:43:14Z","timestamp":1776562994693,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sustainable development involves economic growth in line with the requirements of ecological balance and human development, involving people\u2019s relations with the environment as well as the responsibility of the current generation over future generations. Sustainable tourism was designed and supported in an attempt to manage all resources, so that the economic, social, and aesthetic needs of an area are satisfied while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems. Sustainable tourism is not \u201ca fashion\u201d; it is a way of thinking and acting with long-term implications. At national level, we believe that Maramure\u015f County, Romania, is one of the most gifted natural and socio-economic geographic areas in the Oriental Carpathians of Romania, in which the conditions of sustainable tourism can be met and supported long term. The purpose of this scientific paper is to identify, synthesize, process, and interpret data about the tourist qualification of some localities in the protected areas of Maramure\u015f, so as to inform local decision-makers and tourists about tourism forms currently practiced (and) possibly practicable in the future, because since tourism, as an economic branch, leads to the growth of jobs, it can contribute to the sustainable development of the area. The mathematical model proposed in the paper allows the grouping of available resources from 25 settlements in order to establish the types of tourism that can be supported and developed in these localities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T05:14:43Z","timestamp":1644556483000},"page":"1763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Sustainable Tourism Development in the Protected Areas of Maramure\u0219, Romania: Destinations with High Authenticity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6023-9668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta","family":"Mateoc-S\u00eerb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Rural Development, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului Street No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Romanian Academy, Timisoara Branch, CCDRDR, Mihai Viteazu Boulevard, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Albu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Rural Development, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului Street No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0228-7036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciprian","family":"Rujescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Rural Development, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului Street No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Ciolac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Financing of the Company, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului, No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6003-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"\u021aigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, \u201cAurel Vlaicu\u201d University of Arad, 2-4 Elena Dragoi Str., 310330 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0014-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Br\u00eenzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, \u201cAurel Vlaicu\u201d University of Arad, 2-4 Elena Dragoi Str., 310330 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camelia","family":"M\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Rural Development, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului Street No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teodor","family":"Mateoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Rural Development, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului Street No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Anda","family":"Milin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Financing of the Company, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului, No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Word Tourism Organization (2021, November 26). World Tourism Day 2021: Tourism for Inclusive Growth. Available online: https:\/\/www.unwto.org\/join-world-tourism-day-2021."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciolac, R., Iancu, T., Brad, I., Adamov, T., and Mateoc-S\u00eerb, N. (2021). Agritourism\u2014A Business Reality of the Moment for Romanian Rural Area\u2019s Sustainability. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116313"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Government of Romania (2021, November 25). Tourism Development Strategy of Romania\u2014Strategy and Action Plan (February 2019), Available online: http:\/\/sgg.gov.ro\/1\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Government of Romania, and Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration (2015). Romania\u2019s Territorial Development Strategy (Polycentric Romania 2035\u2014Territorial Cohesion and Competitiveness, Development and Equal Opportunities for People), Government of Romania."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciolac, R., Iancu, T., Brad, I., Popescu, G., Marin, D., and Adamov, T. (2020). Agritourism Activity\u2014A \u201cSmart Chance\u201d for Mountain Rural Environment\u2019s Sustainability. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12156237"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"B\u00e2c, D.P. (2013). Turismul si Dezvoltarea Durabila\u2014Realit\u0103ti, Provocari, Oportunitati, Economica."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Talab\u0103, I., G\u00eetan, D., Halle, A.P., and Ungureanu, D. (2010). Turismul Rural Rom\u00e2nesc \u00een Contextul Dezvolt\u0103rii Durabile\u2014Actualitate \u015fi Perspective, Economic and Social Research Institute \u201cGheorghe Zane\u201d."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"83","article-title":"Research on the tourist traffic in protected areas in Romania","volume":"10","author":"Milin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. J. Bus. Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.18844\/gjae.v8i2.3784","article-title":"Design thinking\u2026inspiring innovation, transforming humanity","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. J. Arts Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Patrascu, R., Damian, A., and Minciuc, E. (2015). Problematici Fundamentale Privind Dezvoltarea Durabila, AGIR."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Camarda, A., and Barsan, I.O. (2010). Dezvoltarea Durabila a Turismului Regional, Uranus."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Mazilu, M. (2011). Turism si Dezvoltare Durabila, Universitaria Craiova."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bibirigea, R. (2009). Turismul Durabil\u2014Oportunitati si Provocari, Universitara."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"WCED (1987). Viitorul Nostru Comun, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5177(90)90051-A","article-title":"Towards sustainable tourism","volume":"11","author":"Nash","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Nelson, J.G., Butler, R.W., and Wall, G. (1993). Tourism\u2014An evolutionary perspective. Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing, University of Waterloo."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5177(91)90065-2","article-title":"Tourism, environment and development\u2014Values, sustainability and stewardship","volume":"12","author":"May","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"14","article-title":"An importance\u2014Performance analysis of sustainable tourism: A comparison between international and national tourists","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2014.09.003","article-title":"Measuring sustainable tourism at the municipal level","volume":"49","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.03.023","article-title":"Indicators of sustainable tourism: A case study from a Taiwan\u2019s wetland","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.R., Khan, H.U.R., Lim, C.K., Tan, K.L., and Ahmed, M.F. (2021). Ahmed, Sustainable Tourism Policy, Destination Management and Sustainable Tourism Development: A Moderated-Mediation Model. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132112156"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Constantinescu, I., Mo\u021batu, A., and Iona\u0219cu, G. (2019). Dezvoltare Durabil\u0103 \u0219i Civiliza\u021bie, Milena Press."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ib\u0103nescu, B.C., Stoleriu, O.M., Munteanu, A., and Ia\u021bu, C. (2018). The Impact of Tourism on Sustainable Development of Rural Areas: Evidence from Romania. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103529"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultan, M.T., Sharmin, F., Badulescu, A., Stiubea, E., and Xue, K. (2021). Travelers\u2019 Responsible Environmental Behavior towards Sustainable Coastal Tourism: An Empirical Investigation on Social Media User-Generated Content. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13010056"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ban, O., Hotos, A., Droj, L., and Toderascu, C. (2021). Investigating the Image of the Bihor Tourist Destination among Romanians in the Context of Increasing Economic Indicators of Tourist Activity-25. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169002"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Charter, M. (1992). Greener Marketing, Greenleaf."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"43","article-title":"Aspects Regarding Rural Space Development And Life Improvement In Romania, Ecology, economics, education and legislation","volume":"3","author":"Toth","year":"2016","journal-title":"SGEM"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021, December 25). World Tourism Organization; Ecotourism and Protected Areas. Available online: https:\/\/www.unwto.org\/sustainable-development\/ecotourism-and-protected-areas."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Government of Romania (2021, December 25). DECISION no. 358 of May 30, 2019 Regarding the Approval of the National Ecotourism Development Strategy\u2014Context, Vision and Objectives\u20142019\u20132029. Available online: https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocument\/219401."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"961","article-title":"Comportamentul de consum turistic \u00een ariile naturale protejate","volume":"XVI","author":"Hornoiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Amfiteatrul Econ."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"7","article-title":"Profile of ecotourists in the Apuseni Mountains natural park","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"GeoJournal Tour. Geosites"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ecotourism in protected areas, a literature review","volume":"38","author":"Dologlou","year":"2016","journal-title":"ECOCLUB Com. Ecotourism Pap."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, November 25). IUCN\u2014A Brief History. Available online: https:\/\/www.iucn.org\/about\/iucn-a-brief-history."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"IUCN\/SSC (2008). Strategic Planning for Species Conservation: A Handbook. Version 1.0, IUCN Species Survival Commission."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Bleahu, M. (2019). Ariile Protejate \u0219i Protec\u021bia Naturii, Paideia."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Smaranda, J.S. (2008). Managementul Turismului \u00een Ariile Protejate, Risoprint."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Baltaretu, A.M. (2011). Arii Protejate, Prouniversitari."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Burns, K. (2009). The National Parks\u2014American Best Idea, KNOPF."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stratigea, A., Kyriakides, E., and Nicolaides, C. (2017). ICT Applications in Smart Ecotourism Environments. Smart Cities in the Mediterranean, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54558-5"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Official Journal of the European Union (2021, December 16). Council Directive 92\/43\/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/RO\/TXT\/?uri=celex%3A31992L0043."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Official Journal of the European Union (2021, December 16). Commission, Implementing Decision of 11 July 2011 Concerning a Site Information Format for Natura 2000 Sites. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32011D0484."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wegefelt, S., and M\u00e9zard, N. (2008). Natura 2000: Protecting Europe\u2019s Biodiversity, European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2779\/45963."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Government of Romania (2007). Emergency Ordinance No. 57 of June 20, 2007 on the Regime of Protected Natural Areas, Conservation of Natural Habitats, Wild Flora and Fauna (Official Gazette No. 442 of June 29, 2007), Government of Romania."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Government of Romania, and Ministry of Environment (2012). Order of the Minister of Environment and Forests No. 3836\/2012 on the Approval of the Methodology for Approving the Tariffs Established by the Administrators\/Custodians of Protected Natural Areas for Visiting Protected Natural Areas, for Analyzing Documentation and Issuing Approvals According to Law, for Photography and Filming for Commercial Purposes (Official Gazette No. 854 of December 18, 2012), Government of Romania."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Government of Romania (2007). Government Decision 1284 \/ 2007 on the Declaration of Special Avifauna Protection Areas as an Integral Part of the Natura 2000 Network in Romania (Official Gazette No. 739\/31.10.2007), Government of Romania."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Government of Romania, and Ministry of Environment (2007). Order of the Minister 1710\/2007 Regarding the Approval of the Necessary Documentation in Order to Establish the Regime of Protected Natural Area of National Interest (Official Gazette 815\/29 November 2007), Government of Romania."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Government of Romania, and Ministry of Environment (2008). Order of the Minister 1964\/2007 on the Establishment of the Protected Natural Area Regime of Sites of Community Importance, as an Integral Part of the European Ecological Network Natura 2000 in Romania (Official Gazette no. 98\/07.02.2008), Government of Romania."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Government of Romania (2021, December 16). National Agency for Protected Natural Areas, Available online: http:\/\/ananp.gov.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/inventar_arii_Ro_v1-00000003.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Otiman, P.I., Florian, V., and Ionescu, C. (2010). Conservarea Geo-\u0219i Biodiversit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i Dezvotarea Durabil\u0103 \u00een \u021aara Ha\u021begului\u2014Retezat, Romanian Academy."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2021, December 15). How to Use JASP. Available online: https:\/\/jasp-stats.org\/how-to-use-jasp\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2021, November 19). Geographical Map of Romania. Available online: https:\/\/harta-romaniei.org\/harta-geografica-a-romaniei.html."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2021, November 17). Maramure\u015f County. Directorate of Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/maramures.insse.ro\/."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Romanian Parliament (2018). Low No.290\/2018 for the Amendment and Completion of Law No. 2\/1968 Regarding the Administrative Organization of the Romanian Territory (Official Gazette no. 1052\/12.12.2018), Romanian Parliament."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2021, December 25). Maramures County Council. Available online: https:\/\/www.cjmaramures.ro\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2021, November 19). National Institute of Statistics. Available online: http\/\/statistici.insse.ro\/tempo-online."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Porumb, M. (2005). Biserici de Lemn din Maramure\u0219, Romanian Academy."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Man, G. (2005). Biserici de Lemn din Maramure\u0219, Proema."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Otiman, P.I., and COLAB, M.S.N.\u015e. (2006). Dezvoltarea Rural\u0103 Durabil\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, Romanian Academy."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"249","article-title":"The Evolution of Romanian Villages Since the Great Union of 1918","volume":"27","author":"Otiman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transylv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Maramure\u015f County Council, and Maramure\u015f County Museum (2003). Coordinators-Maramure\u015f: The Treasure from the Geografical Center of Europe, Proema. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ivaniuc, T. (2006). Ghidul Turistic al \u021a\u0103rii Maramure\u0219ului, Limes."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2021, October 31). Romanian National Bibliography, Publishing House of the National Library of Romania. Available online: https:\/\/aleph.bibnat.ro\/F?RN=886363533."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.05.299","article-title":"Organic agriculture: An opportunity for sustainable development of Romanian villages","volume":"231","author":"Toth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.05.333","article-title":"Agri-food organic products\u2014A fast increasing market","volume":"231","author":"Gavrilescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u021aigan, E., Br\u00eenzan, O., Obrad, C., Lungu, M., Mateoc-S\u00eerb, N., Milin, I.A., and Gavrila\u0219, S. (2021). The Consumption of Organic, Traditional, and\/or European Eco-Label Products: Elements of Local Production and Sustainability. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13179944"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/3\/1763\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:13:41Z","timestamp":1760134421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/3\/1763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su14031763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14031763","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]}}}