{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:49:51Z","timestamp":1760150991848,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy Sciences","award":["1\/0317\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0317\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intersections in cities are important transport hubs, where traffic flows from all roads meet, connect, disconnect or intersect. This research is dedicated to the creation of simulation models of intersections and is based on real observations of two crossroads in a city. The principle is based on observing traffic flows using real traffic counting at peak times. The aim is to reduce traffic congestion by adjusting signal plans on the monitored section using computer simulation and modelling in ExtendSim8 software, which is a universal tool allowing the user to simulate any system or process by creating a logical representation in an easy-to-use format. According to our preliminary literature research, the ExtendSim software has never before been used before to create an intersection simulation to optimize the signal plan. There are several specialized software products for simulating traffic and intersections, but not everyone has access to these, or else they require lengthy user training. Therefore, it is very advantageous to use a universal simulation tool that is not used for traffic simulation at intersections in the city. The article points out that a universal simulation program such as ExtendSim can also be used in the design or assessment of signal plans at intersections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14042079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T20:34:45Z","timestamp":1644784485000},"page":"2079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Use of Universal Simulation Software Tools for Optimization of Signal Plans at Urban Intersections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-4575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Bindzar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3904-767X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Macuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6807-4431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Brodny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Organization and Management, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4781-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Tutak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0834-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Malindzakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2011.03.004","article-title":"Investigation of the impacts of signal timing on vehicle emissions at an isolated intersection","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hewage, K.N., and Ruwanpura, J.Y. (2004, January 5\u20138). Optimization of traffic signal light timing using simulation. Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Webster, F.V. (1958). Traffic Signal Settings, H.M. Stationery Office. Road Research Technical Paper."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-1647(73)90017-8","article-title":"Optimal traffic signal settings\u2014I. Criterion for undersaturation of a signalized intersection and optimal signal setting","volume":"7","author":"Ohno","year":"1973","journal-title":"Transp. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-1647(73)90018-X","article-title":"Optimal traffic signal settings\u2014II. A refinement of Webster\u2019s method","volume":"7","author":"Ohno","year":"1973","journal-title":"Transp. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Laguna, A., Rakha, H., and Du, J. (2016, January 10\u201314). Optimizing Isolated Traffic Signal Timing Considering Energy and Environmental Impacts. Proceedings of the 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"21","article-title":"Traffic Signal Optimization: Combining Static and Dynamic Models","volume":"53","author":"Strehler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3846\/16484142.2017.1297327","article-title":"Optimizing signal phase plan, green splits and lane length for isolated signalized intersections","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transport"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2019.05.013","article-title":"Centralised and decentralised signal timing optimisation approaches for network traffic control","volume":"38","author":"Chow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2014.06.013","article-title":"Multi-criteria analysis of optimal signal plans using microscopic traffic models","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)32394-7","article-title":"Multi-Criteria Signal Timing Control for Over-Saturated Intersections","volume":"36","author":"Lan","year":"2003","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.03.013","article-title":"Multi-criteria optimization of traffic signals: Mobility, safety, and environment","volume":"55","author":"Stevanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"26","article-title":"Multicriterial assessment of the raw material transport","volume":"20","author":"Andrejiova","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACTA Montan. SLOVACA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105713","article-title":"Self-learning adaptive traffic signal control for real-time safety optimization","volume":"146","author":"Essa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Reyad, P., Sayed, T., Essa, M., and Zheng, L. (2021). Real-Time Crash-Risk Optimization at Signalized Intersections. Transp. Res. Rec., 1\u201319."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.09.004","article-title":"A methodology for evaluating the performance of model-based traffic prediction systems","volume":"96","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caliendo, C., Russo, I., and Genovese, G. (2022). Resilience Assessment of a Twin-Tube Motorway Tunnel in the Event of a Traffic Accident or Fire in a Tube. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010513"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2507\/IJSIMM17(1)422","article-title":"Design of large-scale logistics systems using computer simulation hierarchic structure","volume":"17","author":"Straka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Simul. Model."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.059","article-title":"Capability-enhanced AIMSUN with Real-time Signal Timing Control","volume":"111","author":"Vilarinho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maduranga, K.L.D., Yasamali, R.G.N., Sathyaprasad, I.M.S., and Weerakoon, H.U. (2020). Selection of Optimum Junction Operation Strategy for Gatambe Intersection Using VISSIM Simulation. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9749-3_3"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boroiu, A., Neagu, E., Boroiu, A., and P\u00e2rlac, S. (2020). Study of the Possibilities to Improve the Service Level of Traffic Light Intersections by Road Traffic Micro-simulation. SIAR International Congress of Automotive and Transport Engineering: Science and Management of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32564-0_41"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12014","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/124\/1\/012014","article-title":"Study on Performance of Intersection Around The Underpass Using Micro Simulation Program","volume":"124","author":"Arliansyah","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.08.037","article-title":"Intelligent traffic light scheduling technique using calendar-based history information","volume":"91","author":"Shatnawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.04.086","article-title":"Implementing an adaptive traffic signal control algorithm in an agent-based transport simulation","volume":"130","author":"Thunig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Behrisch, M., Bieker, L., Erdmann, J., and Krajzewicz, D. (2011, January 23\u201328). SUMO\u2014Simulation of Urban MObility. Proceedings of the SIMUL 2011, The Third International Conference on Advances in System Simulation, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"5","article-title":"Development of a Middleware between SUMO simulation tool and JaCaMo framework","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"ADCAIJ Adv. Distrib. Comput. Artif. Intell. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18178\/jtle.8.1.1-5","article-title":"A SUMO Based Simulation Framework for Intelligent Traffic Management System","volume":"8","author":"Akhter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Traffic Logist. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez, P.A., Behrisch, M., Bieker-Walz, L., Erdmann, J., Flotterod, Y.P., Hilbrich, R., Lucken, L., Rummel, J., Wagner, P., and Wiebner, E. (2018, January 4\u20137). Microscopic Traffic Simulation using SUMO. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569938"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042081","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1368\/4\/042081","article-title":"Developing a microscopic city model in SUMO simulation system","volume":"1368","author":"Maiorov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"12","article-title":"Exploiting witness for traffic simulation","volume":"1","author":"Ismail","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2020, May 23). Simulation|ExtendSim Simulation Software. Available online: https:\/\/extendsim.com\/solutions\/simulation."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Dui, H., Zheng, X., Chen, L., and Wang, Z. (2020). Model and simulation analysis for the reliability of the transportation network. J. Simul., 1\u201310."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"107","article-title":"Modelling and simulation the value stream mapping\u2014case study","volume":"12","author":"Trebuna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Manag. Prod. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pekarcikova, M., Trebuna, P., Kliment, M., and Dic, M. (2021). Solution of bottlenecks in the logistics flow by applying the kanban module in the tecnomatix plant simulation software. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13147989"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bindzar, P., Saderova, J., Sofranko, M., Kacmary, P., Brodny, J., and Tutak, M. (2021). A case study: Simulation traffic model as a tool to assess one-way vs. two-way traffic on urban roads around the city center. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11115018"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moll, S., L\u00f3pez, G., and Garc\u00eda, A. (2021). Analysis of the influence of sport cyclists on narrow two-lane rural roads using instrumented bicycles and microsimulation. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031235"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siroky, J., Nachtigall, P., Tischer, E., and Gasparik, J. (2021). Simulation of Railway Lines with a Simplified Interlocking System. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031394"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1515\/eng-2020-0026","article-title":"The use of simulation modelling for determining the capacity of railway lines in the Czech conditions","volume":"10","author":"Tischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"OPEN Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"307","article-title":"Computer simulation as a means of efficiency of transport processes of raw materials in relation to a cargo rail terminal: A case study","volume":"24","author":"Straka","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACTA Montan. SLOVACA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.04.113","article-title":"Optimization and simulation of fixed-time traffic signal control in real-world applications","volume":"151","author":"Thunig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simul\u00e1cia ako vedeck\u00e1 met\u00f3da","volume":"2","author":"Paholok","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electron. J. Philos."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2022, January 04). Lynx_v Slovensko Mapa\u2014Stockov\u00e1 Ilustrace. Available online: https:\/\/cz.depositphotos.com\/70380129\/stock-illustration-slovakia-map.html."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Maps, G. (2022, January 04). Ko\u0161ice. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/@48.7380899,21.2482184,14.91z."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behun, M., Kascak, P., Hrabcak, M., Behunova, A., Knapcikova, L., and Sofranko, M. (2020). Investigation of sustainable geopolymer composite using automatic identification technology. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12166377"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-021-02574-6","article-title":"Case study: The simulation modelling of selected activity in a warehouse operation","volume":"28","author":"Saderova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/4\/2079\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:17:50Z","timestamp":1760134670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/4\/2079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su14042079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14042079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2071-1050"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]}}}