{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T22:27:31Z","timestamp":1775687251617,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Even though inland navigation represents the safest transport mode, consequences of accidents are significantly higher, because of the larger quantities of cargo transported, compared with the conventional means of transport. Accidents in inland waterways are a regular phenomenon throughout the year, causing deaths, injuries, and monetary loss, and endangering the environment. At present, comprehensive research on inland navigation accidents including their causes and consequences is lacking. For this purpose, data about real accidents on the Danube River were collected and analysed in this study. This paper provides a comprehensive study of the hazards (causal factors) and resulting risks in inland waterway transport. Two methods were applied to fulfil the aim\u2014a cause and effect diagram, used for hazard identification, and a risk matrix, used for risk assessment. The analysis confirmed the presence of recurring hazards, resulting mainly from human behaviour. This study can be used for the methodology and design of preventive measures to ensure safe inland navigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14042231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1645047384000},"page":"2231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Revealing Causal Factors Influencing Sustainable and Safe Navigation in Central Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2766-837X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Maternov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Transport, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 1, 026 01 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-0791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mat\u00fa\u0161","family":"Materna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Transport Department, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 1, 026 01 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4820-6521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrej","family":"D\u00e1vid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Transport, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 1, 026 01 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2019.07.141","article-title":"The Danube river and its importance on the Danube countries in cargo transport","volume":"40","author":"David","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"The importance of Danube river as strategic navigation corridor","volume":"16","author":"Nedea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constanta Marit. Univ. Ann."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hartl, T.A., and Hofbauer, V.B. (2013). Manual on Danube Navigation, Via Donau."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"176","article-title":"An accident data\u2013based approach for congestion risk assessment of inland waterways: A Yangtze River case","volume":"228","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part O J. Risk Reliab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7225\/toms.v01.n02.003","article-title":"Proposal of Measures for Increasing the Safety Level of Inland Navigation","volume":"1","author":"Vidan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Marit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1515\/eko-2016-0022","article-title":"Environmental aspects of transport in the context of development of inland navigation","volume":"35","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ekol\u00f3gia\u2014SAV (Bratislava)"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.08.148","article-title":"An Analysis of Accidents in the Inland Waterways of Bangladesh: Lessons from a Decade (2005\u20132015)","volume":"194","author":"Uddin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-017-0694-5","article-title":"Research on risk assessment and control of inland navigation safety","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2020.105446","article-title":"Evaluation model and management strategy for reducing pollution caused by ship collision in coastal waters","volume":"203","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2021.105859","article-title":"A systematic analysis for maritime accidents causation in Chinese coastal waters using machine learning approaches","volume":"213","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2021.109640","article-title":"Vessel navigation risk and stern-swing index in sharp bend channels","volume":"238","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"European Commission (2022, January 01). Study on Rhine\u2014Danube TEN-T Core Network Corridor, 2nd Phase, Final Report. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/transport\/sites\/transport\/files\/rhd_study_2017_final_report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2022, January 01). Danube Region Strategy, Institutional Capacity. Publications of Eusdr Priority Area 10 \u201cInstitutional Capacities & Cooperation\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/capacitycooperation.danube-region.eu\/documents\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00769-011-0763-4","article-title":"Parameters in cause and effect diagram for uncertainty evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accreditation Qual. Assur."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012099","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/161\/1\/012099","article-title":"A new model of Ishikawa diagram for quality assessment","volume":"161","author":"Liliana","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Series Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Simmons, D.C., Dauwe, R., Gowland, R., Gyenes, Z., King, A.G., Riedstra, D., and Schneiderbauer, S. (2017). Understanding Disaster Risk: Risk Assessment Methodologies and Examples. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Risk Assessment, European Union\u2014DRMKC Centre."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.03.055","article-title":"Fuzzy risk matrix","volume":"159","author":"Markowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2019.07.183","article-title":"The human factor and maritime safety","volume":"40","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Turcan, R. (2017). Plavebne Nehody vo Vnutrozemskej Plavbe. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Zilina]."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"35","article-title":"Fatigue in maritime transport","volume":"24","author":"Galierikova","year":"2020","journal-title":"ASEJ Sci. J. Bielsk.-Bia\u0142a Sch. Financ. Law"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"163","article-title":"Improving the Quality of Inland Crew","volume":"6","author":"Vidan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ships Inland Waterw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2020.02.039","article-title":"World Seaborne Trade with Oil: One of Main Cause for Oil Spills?","volume":"44","author":"Materna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Cornish, M., and Ives, E. (2006). Reeds Maritime Meteorology, Bloomsbury. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Slesinger, J. (2013). Plavebna Nauka, EDIS, Publisher of University of Zilina."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., and Wang, Y. (2020). Supplier Selection for the Adoption of Green Innovation in Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices: A Case of the Chinese Textile Manufacturing Industry. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8060717"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Klepoch, J., Kalina, T., Jurkovic, M., and Piala, P. (2018). Teoria Lode, EDIS, Publisher of University of Zilina. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turiak, M., Sedl\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, A.N., and Novak, A. (2014). Portable Electronic Devices on Board of Airplanes and Their Safety Impact, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45317-9_4"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Zacik, N., and Novak, A. (2016, January 24\u201325). Passive Radar System for Slovakia. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Traffic and Transport Engineering (ICTTE), Belgrade, Serbia."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"United Nations (2000). European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways (ADN), United Nations."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"United Nations (2019). Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods\u2014Model Regulations, United Nations. [21st Revised ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council (2022, January 01). Directive 2005\/44\/EC of 7 September 2005 on Harmonised River Information Services (RIS) on Inland Waterways in the Community. Consolidated Version. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A02005L0044-20190726."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, B., Guarnieri, P., Nofal, R., and Nofal, B. (2020). Multi-Criteria Methods Applied in the Studies of Barriers Identified in the Implementation of Reverse Logistics of E-Waste: A Research Agenda. Logistics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics4020011"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118452","article-title":"A green closed loop supply chain design using queuing system for reducing environmental impact and energy consumption","volume":"242","author":"Mohtashami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/jscm.12226","article-title":"Re-imagining supply chain challenges through critical engaged research","volume":"56","author":"Touboulic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Galierikov\u00e1, A. (2018). Inovat\u00edvne Sp\u00f4soby Monitorovania Prepr\u00e1v Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho N\u00e1kladu na Dunaji. (Inovative Ways of Monitoring the Dangerous Goods Transportation on the Danube). [Ph.D. Thesis, EDIS\u2014University of Zilina]. Available online: http:\/\/opac.crzp.sk\/?fn=detailBiblioForm&sid=5405D7E2C43D9DAFB699C4CA0676&seo=CRZP-detail-kniha."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Transport Authority (2021). Data Based on Consultation, Brainstorming and Research Activities, Brainstorming and Research Activities, Unpublished work."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Chalupka, S. (2013). Rie\u010dne informa\u010dn\u00e9 slu\u017eby na Slovensku (River Information System in Slovak Republic), Slovak Shipping Days. manuscript in press."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"IALA (2022, January 01). Aids to Navigation. Report, Available online: www.navcen.uscg.gov\/pdf\/AIS\/ITU-R_M1371-3AISMsg_21.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463316000527","article-title":"Virtual Electronic Aids to Navigation for Remote and Ecologically Sensitive Regions","volume":"70","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Navig."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/4\/2231\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:20:35Z","timestamp":1760134835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/4\/2231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su14042231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14042231","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]}}}