{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T18:23:40Z","timestamp":1781720620453,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon","award":["Grant Agreement n\u00b0696231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement n\u00b0696231"]}]},{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut","award":["Grant Agreement n\u00b0696231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement n\u00b0696231"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Societal interest in all aspects of sustainability has increased. Therefore, pig farmers need to be aware of their strengths and weaknesses in all dimensions of sustainability: economy, environment, social wellbeing, and animal health and welfare. Our aim was to describe and critically discuss the development of a sustainability assessment tool for pig farms and to evaluate its suitability by applying it to 63 European pig farms (13 breeding, 27 breeding-to-finishing, and 23 finishing farms). The multi-criteria assessment tool was developed in several steps (the selection and scaling of indicators and their aggregation and weighting) in order to summarise the indicators into subtheme and theme scores. The indicators contributing the most to the subtheme\/theme scores were identified and discussed in order to evaluate the procedure of the development. For example, some indicators, such as Ecological compensation area, Fairness of prices, and Tail docking, for which farms were scored low, were also identified as \u201creal world problems\u201d in other studies. For other sustainability aspects with low performance, the threshold might have been set too ambitiously, e.g., for Number of sows per annual working unit. Furthermore, to analyse the suitability of the tool, we assessed the best and worst median theme scores (good and poor performances) for each dimension, as well as the variability of the performances of the farms within the themes. Some themes were found to be moderate, such as Pig comfort, Biodiversity, or Resilience, whereas others were found to be good, e.g., Water and the Human\u2013animal relationship, as well as several themes of the social wellbeing dimension. Overall, the sustainability tool provides a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of pig production. Furthermore, this publication contributes to both the theory (development of a robust sustainability tool) and the practice (provision of a tool to assess and benchmark the sustainability on farms). As a next step, a sensitivity analysis should be performed, and the tool should be applied for further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14105988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T09:48:22Z","timestamp":1652608102000},"page":"5988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Integrative Sustainability Analysis of European Pig Farms: Development of a Multi-Criteria Assessment Tool"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Antonia Katharina","family":"Ruckli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0602-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan Josef","family":"H\u00f6rtenhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9736-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Ricerche Produzioni Animali\u2014C.R.P.A. S.p.A., 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Rural Development, School of Agriculture, Newcastle University, Kings Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Helmerichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D\u00f6rnbergstr. 25\/27, 29223 Celle, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3048-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Hoste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Rural Development, School of Agriculture, Newcastle University, Kings Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Kasperczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professur f\u00fcr \u00f6kologischen Landbau, Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen, Karl-Gl\u00f6ckner-Str. 21 C, 35394 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1242-9731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Leeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-0989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Malak-Rawlikowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Valros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4824-7606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Dippel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D\u00f6rnbergstr. 25\/27, 29223 Celle, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Eurostat (2021, December 08). Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Statistics\u20142020 Edition. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/documents\/3217494\/12069644\/KS-FK-20-001-EN-N.pdf\/a7439b01-671b-80ce-85e4-4d803c44340a?t=1608139005821."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Aug\u00e8re-Granier, M.-L. (2021, November 23). The EU Pig Meat Sector. 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