{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:30:58Z","timestamp":1781821858605,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TU Wien"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industries are allocated 40\u201360% of the worldwide raw material extraction. Construction waste accounts for a significant share of the total waste volume. Therefore, careless handling reduces natural resources and waste deposits (landfills). Furthermore, material reuse and recycling can reduce resource and energy consumption and environmental emissions in some cases. Waste management concepts in the fields of Architecture, Engineering, and Construction are increasingly in the European Union and worldwide focus. A circular economy can be seen as a system in which resource input, waste, emission, and energy leakage are minimised due to closed material loops. Therefore, implementing a consistent Circular Economic requires a holistic approach in which material, emissions, and energy are put into context. This paper aims to analyse dismantling, recovery, and recycling processes and link relevant parameters to assess material sustainability. The technical effort must be made, and the associated costs are compared with the influence of eco-indicators. Furthermore, the data required can be used for the following three areas: Facilitating demolition planning and on-site waste management; resource management at the local\/regional\/state level; and governmental tax mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su141711087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T07:05:56Z","timestamp":1662620756000},"page":"11087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Improvement of Environmental Sustainability and Circular Economy through Construction Waste Management for Material Reuse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1057-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Sch\u00fctzenhofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Planning and Industrial Building, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Kovacic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Planning and Industrial Building, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7723-0635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut","family":"Rechberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Planning and Industrial Building, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dean, B., Dulac, J., Petrichenko, K., and Graham, P. (2016). Global Status Report 2016: Towards Zero-Emission Efficient and Resilient Buildings, UN Environment Programme."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Commission (2019). The European Green Deal, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Comission (2014). Resource Efficiency Opportunities in the Building Sector, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"United Nation Environment Programme (2007). Buildings and Climate Change\u2014Status, Challenges and Opportunities, UN Environment Programme."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2010.12.002","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Building Materials: Comparative Analysis of Energy and Environmental Impacts and Evaluation of the Eco-Efficiency Improvement Potential","volume":"46","author":"Capilla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.08.016","article-title":"Recycling Value of Building Materials in Building Assessment Systems","volume":"43","author":"Saghafi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Mudgal, S., Hestin, M., Trarieux, M., and Mimid, S. (2011). Service Contract on Management of Construction and Demolition Waste-SR1 Final Report Task 2, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Oberle, B., Bringezu, S., Hatfield Dodds, S., Hellwig, S., Schandl, H., and Clement, J. (2019). Global Resources Outlook 2019 Natural Resources for the Future We Want, UN Environment Programme."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2020.02.122","article-title":"Buildings as Material Banks Using RFID and Building Information Modeling in a Circular Economy","volume":"90","author":"Copeland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Brundtland, G.H., Khalid, M., Agnelli, S., Al-Athel, S., and Chidzero, B.J.N.Y. (2022, June 01). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future towards Sustainable Development 2. Part II. Common Challenges Population and Human Resources 4. Available online: https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/content\/documents\/5987our-common-future.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.12.048","article-title":"The Circular Economy\u2014A New Sustainability Paradigm?","volume":"143","author":"Geissdoerfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.5334\/bc.55","article-title":"Comparison of GHG Emissions from Circular and Conventional Building Components","volume":"1","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Cities"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012020","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/323\/1\/012020","article-title":"Construction, Deconstruction, Reuse of the Structural Elements: The Circular Economy to Reach Zero Carbon","volume":"323","author":"Bertin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonoli, A., Zanni, S., and Serrano-Bernardo, F. (2021). Sustainability in Building and Construction within the Framework of Circular Cities and European New Green Deal. The Contribution of Concrete Recycling. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13042139"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owojori, O.M., Okoro, C.S., and Chileshe, N. (2021). Current Status and Emerging Trends on the Adaptive Reuse of Buildings: A Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132111646"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2008). European Commission Directive 2008\/98\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives\u2014Waste Framework Directive, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Cramer, J. (2020). How Network Governance Powers the Circular Economy: Ten Guiding Principles for Building a Circular Economy, Based on Dutch Experiences, Amsterdam Economic Board."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022, June 01). Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz 2002\u2014AWG 2002; Republik \u00d6sterreich Bundesgesetz \u00fcber Eine Nachhaltige Abfallwirtschaft, Available online: https:\/\/www.ris.bka.gv.at\/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20002086."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buch, R., Marseille, A., Williams, M., Aggarwal, R., and Sharma, A. (2021). From Waste Pickers to Producers: An Inclusive Circular Economy Solution through Development of Cooperatives in Waste Management. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13168925"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2020). Circular Economy\u2014Principles for Buildings Design, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2022, July 01). Abfallnachweisverordnung 2012\u2014ANV 2012. Bundesministeriums f\u00fcr Land\u2014Und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Verordnung des Bundesministers f\u00fcr Land\u2014Und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft \u00dcber Die Nachweispflicht \u00dcber Abf\u00e4lle, Available online: https:\/\/www.ris.bka.gv.at\/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20008021."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, June 01). Bundesministeriums f\u00fcr Land\u2014Und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Recycling-Baustoffverordnung\u2014Verordnung des Bundesministers f\u00fcr Land\u2014Und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und \u00dcber Die Pflichten Bei Bau\u2014Und Abbrucht\u00e4tigkeiten, Die Trennung und Behandlung von Bei Bau\u2014Und Abbrucht\u00e4tigkeiten Anfallenden Abf\u00e4llen, Die und das Abfallende von Recycling-Baustoffen (Recycling\u2013Baustoffverordnung), Available online: https:\/\/www.ris.bka.gv.at\/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20009212."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, June 01). Austrian Standards \u00d6NORM B 3151. R\u00fcckbau von Bauwerken Als Standardabbruchmethode, Available online: https:\/\/www.ris.bka.gv.at\/Dokumente\/Bundesnormen\/NOR40187245\/II_290_2016_OeNORM_B_3151.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2010.11.003","article-title":"Economic Analysis of Conventional versus Selective Demolition\u2014A Case Study","volume":"55","author":"Coelho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, July 01). Austrian Standards \u00d6NROM_EN ISO 16000-32. Indoor Air Identical (IDT) with ISO. Available online: https:\/\/shop.austrian-standards.at\/action\/de\/public\/details\/527652\/OENORM_EN_ISO_16000-32_2014_10_01."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021, November 01). Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung DIN 276; Kosten im Bauwesen. Available online: https:\/\/www.din.de\/de\/mitwirken\/normenausschuesse\/nabau\/veroeffentlichungen\/wdc-beuth:din21:293154016."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01446191003735500","article-title":"The Building Cost System in Andalusia: Application to Construction and Demolition Waste Management","volume":"28","author":"Marrero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Manag. Econ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2004.09.001","article-title":"An Analysis of Cost and Duration for Deconstruction and Demolition of Residential Buildings in Massachusetts","volume":"44","author":"Dantata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/01446190500512024","article-title":"Case Study of Demolition Costs of Residential Buildings","volume":"24","author":"Pun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Constr. Manag. Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen, A. (2020). Urban Mining Index Entwicklung Einer Systematik Zur Quantitativen Bewertung Der Kreislaufkonsistenz von Baukonstruktionen in Der Neubauplanung, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag.","DOI":"10.51202\/9783738806069"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2021, December 15). Materialnomaden\u2014Harvest Maps Austria. Available online: https:\/\/www.materialnomaden.at\/store\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021, December 15). Superuse Studios NL\u2014Harvest Map Netherland. Available online: https:\/\/www.oogstkaart.nl\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, December 15). Madaster Germany GmbH\u2014Madaster. Available online: https:\/\/madaster.de\/."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2148","article-title":"Model and Data Management Issues in the Integrated Assessment of Existing Building Stocks","volume":"12","author":"Honic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Organ. Technol. Manag. Constr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.13044\/j.sdewes.d8.0354","article-title":"Energy-Cement-Carbon Emission Nexus and Its Implications for Future Urbanization in China","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Dev. Energy Water Environ. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012149","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/323\/1\/012149","article-title":"PolyStyreneLoop\u2014The Circular Economy in Action","volume":"323","author":"Demacsek","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesa, J.A., F\u00faquene, C.E., and Maury-Ram\u00edrez, A. (2021). Life Cycle Assessment on Construction and Demolition Waste: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13147676"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbarieh, A., Jayasinghe, L.B., Waldmann, D., and Teferle, F.N. (2020). BIM-Based End-of-Lifecycle Decision Making and Digital Deconstruction: Literature Review. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12072670"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.022","article-title":"Designing out Construction Waste Using BIM Technology: Stakeholders\u2019 Expectations for Industry Deployment","volume":"180","author":"Akinade","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118163","article-title":"Status Quo and Future Directions of Construction and Demolition Waste Research: A Critical Review","volume":"240","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"395","article-title":"Describing the Changes in Architectural Information Technology to Understand Design Complexity and Free-Form Architectural Expression","volume":"11","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101094","article-title":"Do You Need a Blockchain in Construction? Use Case Categories and Decision Framework for DLT Design Options","volume":"45","author":"Hunhevicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012145","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/323\/1\/012145","article-title":"Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) as a Competitive Parameter within Sustainable Buildings and Building Materials","volume":"323","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012051","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/323\/1\/012051","article-title":"The Reporting of End of Life and Module D Data and Scenarios in EPD for Building Level Life Cycle Assessment","volume":"323","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albers, S., Klapper, D., Konradt, U., Walter, A., and Wolf, J. (2009). Methodik Der Empirischen Forschung, Gabler Verlag. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-322-96406-9"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogner, A., Littig, B., and Menz, W. (2014). Interviews Mit Experten, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-08349-6"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012073","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/225\/1\/012073","article-title":"Concept for a BIM-Based Material Passport for Buildings","volume":"225","author":"Honic","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2018). OI3-Berechnungsleitfaden (Standard No. Version 4.0 IBO Seite 2 October 2018)."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2018). Ei Kon-Entsorgungsindikator f\u00fcr Bauteile EI10-Entsorgungsindikator f\u00fcr Geb\u00e4ude, IBO\u2014\u00d6sterreichisches Institut f\u00fcr Bauen und \u00d6kologie GmbH."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2021, November 25). Austrian Institute for Building Biology\u2014Baubook\/eco2soft\u2014Passive House-Component Catalogue. Available online: https:\/\/www.baubook.at\/eco2soft\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2021, November 25). Ravenworks GbR Baukarussell Store. Available online: https:\/\/baukarussell.bauteillager.de\/bauteilnetz\/website\/bauteilsuche?btk_suche=true."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Markova, S., and Rechberger, H. (2022, June 01). Entwicklung Eines Konzepts zur F\u00f6rderung der Kreislaufwirtschaft im Bauwesen: Materieller Geb\u00e4udepass und Design for Recycling f\u00fcr das Bauwesen Endbericht. Available online: https:\/\/www.wenigermist.at\/uploads\/2011_pilas_konzept_foerderung_kreislaufwirtschaft_im_bauwesen.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus (2021, November 01). Bundes-Abfallwirtschaftsplan, Available online: https:\/\/www.bmk.gv.at\/themen\/klima_umwelt\/abfall\/aws\/bundes_awp\/bawp.html."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2021, December 16). Restado UG Restado. Available online: https:\/\/restado.de\/."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"49","article-title":"Volkswirtschaftliche Effekte Durch Recycling Ausgew\u00e4hlter Altstoffe Und Abf\u00e4lle","volume":"Volume 11","author":"Thiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Recycling und Rohstoffe"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/17\/11087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:23:38Z","timestamp":1760142218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/17\/11087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["su141711087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su141711087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]}}}