{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T10:53:23Z","timestamp":1775732003257,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences (Poland)","award":["02\/2022\/INN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/2022\/INN"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective biomonitoring strategies are essential for identifying and assessing the sources and levels of contamination of heavy metal pollutants in urban areas, given their negative impacts on human health and the environment. This study aimed to assess the potential of common weed, Trifolium pratense as a bioindicator of heavy metal contamination in various land uses in urban areas, with a focus on Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb. The results have shown that Cr and Ni had high bioconcentration factor (BCF) values in most sites, in comparison with Cu, Cd and Pb. Contamination factor (CF) values varied across all sites. The industrial area and old town sites had the highest translocation factor (TF) values for Cr and Ni, indicating greater transport of these metals from roots to aerial parts of plants. Differences between heavy metals (HMs) according to land use were observed; especially, Pb and Cu were more concentrated in soils than other heavy metals in industrial areas. Overall, these findings suggest that Trifolium pratense is a promising bioindicator for heavy metal contamination in various land uses in urban areas, making it a potentially valuable tool for monitoring heavy metal pollution in cities of the northern hemisphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su15097325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T02:27:56Z","timestamp":1682648876000},"page":"7325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Trifolium pratense and the Heavy Metal Content in Various Urban Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Arlinda","family":"Cakaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Pi\u0105tkowska 94C, 60-649 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7524-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anetta","family":"Han\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 8, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-9820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Lisiak-Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Pi\u0105tkowska 94C, 60-649 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9879-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Borowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Pi\u0105tkowska 94C, 60-649 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Drapikowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Pi\u0105tkowska 94C, 60-649 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-010-0350-y","article-title":"Biomonitoring of chemical elements in an urban environment using arboreal and bush plant species","volume":"18","author":"Rucandio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.08.008","article-title":"Trees as bioindicator of heavy metal pollution in three European cities","volume":"159","author":"Sawidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.09.004","article-title":"Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals","volume":"142","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briffa, J., Sinagra, E., and Blundell, R. (2020). Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon, 6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04691"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malizia, D., Giuliano, A., Ortaggi, G., and Masotti, A. (2012). Common plants as alternative analytical tools to monitor heavy metals in soil. Chem. Central J., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-6-S2-S6"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangahu, B.V., Sheikh Abdullah, S.R., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N., and Mukhlisin, M. (2011). A Review on Heavy Metals (As, Pb, and Hg) Uptake by Plants through Phytoremediation. Int. J. Chem. Eng., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/939161"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, H., Khan, E., and Ilahi, I. (2019). Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation. J. Chem., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6730305"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29121\/granthaalayah.v3.i9SE.2015.3282","article-title":"Effects of heavy metals on human health","volume":"3","author":"Mahurpawar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Granthaalayah"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30066-6","article-title":"City planning and population health: A global challenge","volume":"388","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Karri, R.R., Ravindran, G., Hadi, M., and Dehghani, H. (2021). Soft Computing Techniques in Solid Waste and Wastewater Management, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-018-1510-x","article-title":"Health risk assessment on human exposed to heavy metals in the ambient air PM10 in Ahvaz, southwest Iran","volume":"62","author":"Goudarzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"56","article-title":"Effect of heavy metals on plants: An overview","volume":"5","author":"Asati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Innov. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-013-0407-5","article-title":"Chromium toxicity and tolerance in plants","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.11.063","article-title":"Foliar heavy metal uptake, toxicity and detoxification in plants: A comparison of foliar and root metal uptake","volume":"325","author":"Shahid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.06.278","article-title":"Effect of heavy metals: An overview","volume":"51","author":"Kiran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekoukhou, M., Fallah, S., Pokhrel, L.R., Abbasi-Surki, A., and Rostamnejadi, A. (2023). Foliar enrichment of copper oxide nanoparticles promotes biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and commercially valuable secondary metabolites and essential oils in dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) under semi-arid conditions. Sci. Total Environ., 863.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160920"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Heavy metal accumulation of urban Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantation","volume":"193","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Manwani, S., Vanisree, C.R., Jaiman, V., Awasthi, K.K., Yadav, C.S., Sankhla, M.S., Pandit, P.P., and Awasthi, G. (2022). Sustainable Crop Production: Recent Advances, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Upadhyay, R. (2022). Heavy Metals in Plants Physiological to Molecular Approach, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vongdala, N., Tran, H.-D., Xuan, T.D., Teschke, R., and Khanh, T.D. (2018). Heavy Metal Accumulation in Water, Soil, and Plants of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill in Vientiane, Laos. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010022"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.07.008","article-title":"Estimation of the accumulation rates and health risks of heavy metals in residential soils of three metropolitan cities in China","volume":"115","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7012","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-1068-x","article-title":"Distribution, contamination and accumulation of heavy metals in water, sediments, and freshwater shellfish from Liuyang River, Southern China","volume":"25","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.06.029","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution and its relation to the malformation of green mussels cultured in Muara Kamal waters, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia","volume":"133","author":"Riani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/15555270600701540","article-title":"Bioindicators: A Review of Their Use in the Environmental Literature 1970\u20132005","volume":"1","author":"Burger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Bioindic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisiak-Zieli\u0144ska, M., Borowiak, K., Budka, A., Kanclerz, J., Janicka, E., Kaczor, A., \u017byromski, A., Biniak-Pier\u00f3g, M., Podawca, K., and Mleczek, M. (2020). How polluted are cities in central Europe?\u2014Heavy metal contamination in Taraxacum officinale and soils collected from different land use areas of three representative cities. Chemosphere, 266.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129113"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehana, E.-S.E., Khafaga, A.F., Elblehi, S.S., El-Hack, M.E.A., Naiel, M.A., Bin-Jumah, M., Othman, S.I., and Allam, A.A. (2020). Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution Using Acanthocephalans Parasite in Ecosystem: An Updated Overview. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050811"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"8","article-title":"Bioindicators: Using organisms to measure","volume":"3","author":"Holt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s10841-013-9565-9","article-title":"Terrestrial invertebrates as bioindicators: An overview of available taxonomic groups","volume":"17","author":"Gerlach","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Conserv."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Paj\u0105k, M., and Pietrzykowski, M. (2021). Biotechnology for Sustainable Environment, Springer."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, N.L. (1985). Clover Science and Technology, Crop Science Society of America.","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr25"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Murin, G., and Micieta, K. (2000). Environmental Stress: Indication, Mitigation and Eco-Conservation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"73","article-title":"Accumulation of Heavy Metals from Herbaceous Plants","volume":"3","author":"Bara","year":"2016","journal-title":"ANGLISTICUM J. Assoc.-Inst. Engl. Lang. Am. Stud."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.12911\/22998993\/91884","article-title":"Effects of Soil-Like Materials Mix from Drill Cuttings, Sewage Sludge And Sawdust on the Growth of Trifolium pratense L. and Transfer of Heavy Metals","volume":"19","author":"Kujawska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, L., Yang, Y., Ma, Z., Jiang, J., Zhang, X., Chen, Z., Cui, G., and Yin, X. (2022). Integrated physiological, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the response of Trifolium pratense L. to Pb toxicity. J. Hazard. Mater., 436.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129128"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Nouchi, I. (2012). Air Pollution and Plant Biotechnology: Prospects for Phytomonitoring and Phytoremediation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bekuzarova, S.A., Shabanova, I.A., and Bekmursov, A.D. (2017). Heavy Metals and Other Pollutants in the Environment, Apple Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"511","article-title":"Heavy metal contents in plants of phytocenoses of the point of Besqaynar, Kyzylkairat and Taukaraturyk","volume":"53","author":"Inelova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alloway, B.J. (2012). Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and Their Bioavailability, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4470-7"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.08.001","article-title":"Chemical speciation, human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz, Iran","volume":"119","author":"Keshavarzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trojanek, R., Tanas, J., Raslanas, S., and Banaitis, A. (2017). The Impact of Aircraft Noise on Housing Prices in Poznan. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9112088"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-013-0781-5","article-title":"Trends in atmospheric concentrations of weed pollen in the context of recent climate warming in Pozna\u0144 (Western Poland)","volume":"58","author":"Bogawski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Lis, J., Pasieczna, A., and Starczewska-Czapowska, J. (2005). Geochemical Atlas of Poznan and Its Surendings: Soils, Water Sediments, Surface Waters: 1:100,000, Pa\u0144stwowy Instytut Geologiczny."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma\u0142ecka, A., Konkolewska, A., Han\u0107, A., Ciszewska, L., Staszak, A.M., Jarmuszkiewicz, W., and Ratajczak, E. (2021). Activation of antioxidative and detoxificative systems in Brassica juncea L. plants against the toxicity of heavy metals. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01827-w"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2017.05.007","article-title":"Effects of binary metal combinations on zinc, copper, cadmium and lead uptake and distribution in Brassica juncea","volume":"44","author":"Kutrowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trace Elements Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aladesanmi, O.T., Oroboade, J.G., Osisiogu, C.P., and Osewole, A.O. (2019). Bioaccumulation factor of selected heavy metals in Zea mays. J. Health Pollut., 9.","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-9.24.191207"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.116.3.1063","article-title":"The Role of Iron-Deficiency Stress Responses in Stimulating Heavy-Metal Transport in Plants1","volume":"116","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.7454\/mss.v21i2.7308","article-title":"Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (TF) of Heavy Metals in Mangrove Trees of Blanakan Fish Farm","volume":"21","author":"Takarina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Makara J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.12.082","article-title":"Growth responses and cadmium accumulation of Mirabilis jalapa L. under interaction between cadmium and phosphorus","volume":"167","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, F., Mao, L., Sun, R., Du, J., Tan, Z., and Ding, M. (2019). Contamination Evaluation and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in the Sediments from the Lishui River Watershed, Southern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030336"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabata-Pendias, A. (2010). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b10158"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"153","article-title":"The environmental pollution with copper and zinc along the communication routes in Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","volume":"42","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Prot. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.15580\/GJEMPS.2013.4.060413652","article-title":"Heavy metals contamination and what are the impacts on living organisms","volume":"2","author":"Sardar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Greener J. Environ. Manag. Public Saf."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"413","article-title":"Metal concentrations around thermal power plants, rural and urban areas using honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) as bioindicators","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1515\/environ-2015-0021","article-title":"An assessment of urban habitat contamination with selected heavy metals within the city of Katowice using the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) as a bioindicator","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Socio-economic Stud."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"127","article-title":"Heavy Metal Contamination of Surface Soil in Relationship to Land Use Patterns: A Case Study of Benue State, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Adamu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhailenko, A.V., Ruban, D.A., Ermolaev, V.A., and Van Loon, A.J. (2020). Cadmium pollution in the tourism environment: A literature review. Geosciences, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences10060242"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MT00247A","article-title":"Cadmium in plants: Uptake, toxicity, and its interactions with selenium fertilizers","volume":"11","author":"Ismael","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2012.01.013","article-title":"Chromium (VI) induces toxicity at different photosynthetic levels in pea","volume":"53","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(17)60315-1","article-title":"Phyto-Toxicity of Chromium in Maize: Oxidative Damage, Osmolyte Accumulation, Anti-Oxidative Defense and Chromium Uptake","volume":"27","author":"Anjum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y., Kheir, R.B., Adhikari, K., Malinowski, R., Greve, M.B., Knadel, M., and Greve, M.H. (2016). Digital Mapping of Toxic Metals in Qatari Soils Using Remote Sensing and Ancillary Data. Remote. Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8121003"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62807","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21753-2","article-title":"Coexistence of Cr and Ni in anthropogenic soils and their chemistry: Implication to proper management and remediation","volume":"29","author":"Lwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-005-4669-0","article-title":"Heavy metals in soils and crops in Southeast Asia","volume":"26","author":"Zarcinas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8057-3","article-title":"Heavy metals in composts of China: Historical changes, regional variation, and potential impact on soil quality","volume":"24","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1612","article-title":"Heavy metals and its impact in vegetable crops","volume":"7","author":"Sandeep","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Stud."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-010-0297-8","article-title":"Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: A review","volume":"8","author":"Nagajyoti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2017-0171","article-title":"Primary concept of nickel toxicity\u2014An overview","volume":"30","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"55","article-title":"Heavy metal content in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.)","volume":"10","author":"Angelova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(86)90361-X","article-title":"Bromine, copper, manganese and lead content of the leaves of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)","volume":"50","author":"Djingova","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Liu, F., Xie, P., Zhang, K., Yang, J., Zhao, J., and Zhang, H. (2021). Mechanism of Pb absorption in wheat grains. J. Hazard. Mater., 415.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125618"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"2099","article-title":"Appraisal of heavy metal contents in different vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area","volume":"40","author":"Farooq","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suciu, N.A., De Vivo, R., Rizzati, N., and Capri, E. (2022). Cd content in phosphate fertilizer: Which potential risk for the environment and human health?. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health, 30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2022.100392"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/10807030801934895","article-title":"Fertilizer Impacts on Cadmium Availability in Agricultural Soils and Crops","volume":"14","author":"Grant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assessment Int. J."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/9\/7325\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:25:16Z","timestamp":1760124316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/9\/7325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["su15097325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15097325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]}}}