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Then, an explainable machine learning approach, Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), was employed to find the effects of descriptors on the targets, and it was found that higher biochar yields can be obtained at lower temperatures using biomass with low volatile matter and high ash content. Following that, decision tree classification was used to discover the variables leading to high levels of the targets, and the most generalizable path for high biogas yield was found to be where the maximum particle diameter was less than or equal to 6.5 mm and the temperature was greater than 912 K. Finally, association rule mining models were created to find associations of descriptors with very high levels of yields, and among many findings, it was discovered that biomass with larger particles cannot be converted into bio-oil efficiently. It was then concluded that machine learning methods can help to determine the best slow pyrolysis conditions for the production of renewable and sustainable biofuels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su152014884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T10:47:32Z","timestamp":1697366852000},"page":"14884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Exploring the Critical Factors of Biomass Pyrolysis for Sustainable Fuel Production by Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Asya","family":"\u0130\u015f\u00e7en","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Istanbul Bilgi University, Eyupsultan, Istanbul 34060, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerem","family":"\u00d6znacar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Istanbul Bilgi University, Eyupsultan, Istanbul 34060, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. M. Murat","family":"Tun\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Istanbul Bilgi University, Eyupsultan, Istanbul 34060, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1282-718X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Erdem","family":"G\u00fcnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Istanbul Bilgi University, Eyupsultan, Istanbul 34060, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Li, Y., and Wang, X. (2019). Machine learning prediction of biochar yield and carbon contents in biochar based on biomass characteristics and pyrolysis conditions. Bioresour. 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