{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:47:21Z","timestamp":1780332441348,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Development Knowledge Support in the field of the quality management system requirements implementation in Aviation, Space and Defense Industry","award":["026TUKE-4\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["026TUKE-4\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Study of Recovery of Dusts Arising from Copper Production","award":["VEGA 1\/0408\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0408\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Industrial production today increasingly prioritizes sustainability, emphasizing not only efficiency but also minimizing environmental and social impacts. Quality control is key in steel production. The continuous casting process is crucial, as early defect detection can lower costs and prevent unnecessary material use, thereby conserving energy and raw materials. Eliminating defects early reduces the need for costly reworking, saving resources and reducing equipment wear. Additionally, this defect prevention supports efficiency in later steps, like rolling, benefiting overall energy and material consumption. During this research, we identified several parameters whose influence we analyzed on the surface quality of deep-drawn steel. The research confirmed that, for example, the casting speed has a significant influence on the occurrence of surface defects, while, for example, the final bubbling had no statistically significant effect on the surface quality. From a sustainability perspective, monitoring and optimizing key production parameters, like the casting speed, is essential, as improper speeds can cause surface defects that risk the functionality of the final products. By optimizing these parameters, it is possible not only to reduce the risk of product failure but also to contribute to the long-term sustainability of the entire production process, reducing waste and fostering a more considerate approach to natural resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17031003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T03:54:27Z","timestamp":1737950067000},"page":"1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Influence of the Melting and Casting Parameters on the Surface Quality of Deep-Drawn Steel Coils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"\u0160olc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 1\/9, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0570-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160tefan","family":"Markulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality, Safety and Environment, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 1\/9, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9352-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Ma\u0142ysa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasi\u0144skiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Jiang, T., and Lv, Z. (2024). Research on Continuous Casting\u2013Hot Rolling Scheduling Model Involving Reheating Furnace Conversion Mode and Improved Bat Optimization Solution Algorithm. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14114494"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlautmann, M., K\u00f6ster, M., Krieger, W., Groll, M., Schuster, R., Bellmann, J., and Frittella, P. (2023). Measurement and Model-Based Control of Solidification in Continuous Casting of Steel Billets. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13020885"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ru\u017ebarsk\u00fd, J., and Ga\u0161par, \u0160. (2023). Analysis of Selected Production Parameters for the Quality of Pressure Castings as a Tool to Increase Competitiveness. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13148098"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.941.112","article-title":"Surface Defect Formation in Steel Continuous Casting","volume":"941","author":"Zappulla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400118","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.202400118","article-title":"Uncertainty Quantification in Modeling Mold Heat Transfer in Steel Continuous Slab Casting with CON1D","volume":"95","author":"Wells","year":"2024","journal-title":"Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"59","article-title":"Use of an automatic optical inspection system for the detection of defects arising from continuous casting processes, based on Machine Learning algorithms, for the analysis of incidence of oscillation marks on AISI 316L and 316LI austenitic stainless-steel slabs","volume":"4","author":"Cuaffini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metall. Ital."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camisani-Calzolari, F.R., Craig, I.K., and Pistorius, P.C. (2003, January 11\u201313). A Review on Causes of Surface Defects in Continuous Casting. Proceedings of the IFAC Workshop on New Technologies for Automation of Metallurgical Industry, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)37613-9"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSI-09-2015-0039","article-title":"Typical defects in plate and long steel products","volume":"7","author":"Papaefthymiou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zhang, L., and Thomas, B.G. (2003, January 26\u201328). Inclusions in continuous casting of steel. Proceedings of the XXIV National Steelmaking Symposium, Morelia, Mich, Mexico. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228857732_Inclusions_in_continuous_casting_of_steel."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Dumitrescu, A.T., and Catangiu, A. (2024, April 01). Sliver Defects on Low Carbon Steels, Cold Rolled Strips 2013. Available online: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/SLIVER-DEFECTS-ON-LOW-CARBON-STEELS-%2C-COLD-ROLLED-Dumitrescu\/9b7cd19c6adef50e079bb4347ddb7cca7c80aefa."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/DDF.405.234","article-title":"Rarely Occurring Defects on Tinplates","volume":"405","author":"Vranec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Defect Diffus. Forum"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"595","article-title":"Quality Improvement in Finished Cold Rolled Sheet by Reducing the Defect","volume":"7","author":"Prakash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2355\/tetsutohagane1955.88.3_107","article-title":"Overview of near-net-shape continuous casting for steel sheet","volume":"88","author":"Watanabe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2007.05.045","article-title":"Evolution of artificial defects from slab to rolled products","volume":"196","author":"Merwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Peng, F., Yi, M., Liu, C.-j., and Jiang, M.-f. (2024, May 15). Effect of Continuous Casting Speed on Mold Surface Flow and the Related Near-Surface Distribution of Non-Metallic Inclusions 2019. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12613-019-1723-y."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.55.79","article-title":"Sheet Steel Technology for the Last 100 Years: Progress in Sheet Steels in Hand with the Automotive Industry","volume":"55","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1006-706X(15)30132-1","article-title":"Characteristics and evolution of inclusion induced surface defects of cold rolled IF sheet","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Dou, R., Yin, J., and Yao, Y. (2016, January 3\u20135). Intelligent Prediction Method of Quality for Continuous Casting Process. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference, Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1179\/174328409X411844","article-title":"A note on casting speed of Ohno continuous casting process","volume":"26","author":"Soda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Nagels, E., Soete, B., Arnout, S., Jankovic, N., and Van Der Bent, C. (2024, June 26). Improved Understanding on Steel Cleanliness 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/324272576_Improved_Understanding_on_Steel_Cleanliness."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogdanoff, T., Tiryakio\u011flu, M., Liljenfors, T., Jarfors, A.E.W., Seifeddine, S., and Ghassemali, E. (2023). On the Effectiveness of Rotary Degassing of Recycled Al-Si Alloy Melts: The Effect on Melt Quality and Energy Consumption for Melt Preparation. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15065189"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"69","article-title":"Vplyv deform\u00e1cie za studena na zmenu morfol\u00f3gie povrchov\u00fdch defektov v oce\u013eov\u00fdch p\u00e1soch","volume":"12","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Slovaca"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markulik, S., Nagyova, A., Turisova, R., and Villinsky, T. (2021). Improving Quality in the Process of Hot Rolling of Steel Sheets. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11125451"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2012.2212416","article-title":"Morphology-Based Crack Detection for Steel Slabs","volume":"6","author":"Landstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2016.12.174","article-title":"The Main and Accessorial Equipment Optimal Schedule for the Steelmaking-Continuous Casting Process","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"46","article-title":"Simulation Research on Molten Steel Flowing Behavior in Wide Slab Continuous Casting Mold","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metalurgija"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, D.C., Hao, X., and Ye, D. (2014, January 22\u201324). Exploration on Control Quality of Continuous casting blank based on Cloud Manufacturing. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE 2014), Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSE.2014.6926469"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"373","article-title":"Chapter 1.8-Continuos Casting of Steel","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Seetharaman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Treatise on Process Metallurgy"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"109","article-title":"Assesment of Surface Defects in the Continuously Cast Steel","volume":"4","author":"Popa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Tech. Corviniensis-Bull. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s11668-019-00690-2","article-title":"Metallurgical Analyses of Surface Defects in Cold-Rolled Steel Sheets","volume":"19","author":"Dhua","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fail. Anal. Prevention."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.396-398.1145","article-title":"Control for Surface Faint-Sliver Defects in Cold-Rolled IF Steel Sheet","volume":"396\u2013398","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2023). Cold Reduced Tinmill Products\u2014Electrolytic Tinplate and Electrolytic Chromium\/Chromium Oxide Coated Steel (Standard No. EN 10202:2023)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-019-1751-7","article-title":"Influence of metallurgical processing parameters on defects in cold-rolled steel sheet caused by inclusions","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2023, March 21). ArcelorMittal Europe, Products & Services, Steel Solutions for Packaging, Product Catalogue. Available online: https:\/\/packaging.arcelormittal.com\/Products_and_Services\/Solutions\/product-catalogue."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Rusniok, J. (2014). The Production Process of Steel in an Oxygen Converter Steel Plant with a Focus on the Production of Structural Steels Type S355. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, V\u0160B\u2014Technical University of Ostrava]. Available online: https:\/\/theses.cz\/id\/vupge8\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"De Kock, D.J. (2006). Optimal Tundish Design Methodology in a Continuous Casting Process. [Doctoral Thesis, University of Pretoria]. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2263\/28496."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Radhakanta, R., and Shiv, B.S. (2017). 5\u2014Deep drawable steels. Automotive Steels, Design, Metallurgy, Processing and Applications, Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/B9780081006382000055."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2478\/v10172-012-0034-3","article-title":"Thermo-Mechanical model of Steel Continuous Casting Process","volume":"57","author":"Solek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"L-TEC, L- tec\u2013Brochure (2023, March 13). Steel Industry Products. Available online: www.kbk.com.tw\/uploadfiles\/1151\/products\/Scarfing-Machine\/scarfing_machine%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3610","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-020-04329-8","article-title":"Electromagnetic Effects on Solidification Defect Formation in Continuous Steel Casting","volume":"72","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"30","article-title":"Automatic Detection and Localization of Surface Cracks in Continuously Cast Hot Steel Slabs Using Digital Image Analysis Techniques","volume":"9","author":"Malekian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. ISSI"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"553","article-title":"Topographic Surface Inspection System for Slabs","volume":"52","author":"Fackert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Mater. Science."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improvement of rolled strip surface and geometry by advanced automatic diagnosis of surface defects and optimisation of friction in the roll gap","volume":"2","author":"Szczur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11003-018-0171-6","article-title":"A Method for Processing and Analysis of the Images of a Network of Thermal Fatigue Cracks on the Surfaces of Rollers of Continuous Casting Machines","volume":"54","author":"Konovalenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2023, April 15). AMETEK Surface Vision. Available online: https:\/\/www.ameteksurfacevision.com\/pressreleases\/emagazines."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/3\/1003\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:36:33Z","timestamp":1759919793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/3\/1003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su17031003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17031003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]}}}