{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T02:07:08Z","timestamp":1782958028248,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the influence of human capital and natural resource productivity on achieving sustainable cities and society (SDG-11) within the European Union (EU) while also considering the contribution of renewable energy (RE). This research analyzes data from the European Union between 2011 and 2020 by deploying the first-difference generalized method of moments (FM-GMM) model to distinguish between two different effects of the human capital variable\u2014a low effect (negative influence) and a high effect (positive influence). The analysis has identified an optimal threshold value of 1.867 for the human capital index (HCI) score in the context of European Union countries. This threshold value represents a critical point at which the effect of human capital on achieving SDG-11, which aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, undergoes a significant shift. The impact of renewable energy consumption on SDG-11 exhibits a non-linear pattern. There is a negative relationship at lower levels of renewable energy adoption (below a certain threshold), with renewable energy negatively impacting SDG-11 progress at a 1% significance level. However, the relationship becomes significantly positive once renewable energy consumption surpasses this threshold. This non-linearity suggests that achieving mass renewable energy adoption is crucial to unlocking its full potential in promoting the sustainable urban development goals captured by SDG-11. The results also demonstrate a positive effect on natural resource productivity both before and after exceeding a specific threshold, although the magnitude of this effect varies. This robust evidence underscores the necessity for targeted policies in the European Union to enhance human capital, increase renewable energy adoption, and boost natural resource productivity, thereby securing sustainable funding mechanisms for SDG-11.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17052237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T13:31:31Z","timestamp":1741095091000},"page":"2237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Impact of Human Capital, Natural Resources, and Renewable Energy on Achieving Sustainable Cities and Communities in European Union Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4050-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Radulescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Finance, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Pitesti University Center, 110040 Pite\u0219ti, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Doctoral and Post-Doctoral Studies, University Lucian Blaga of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"UNEC Research Methods Application Center, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku 1001, Azerbaijan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Simionescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy, 050711 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8038-8241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Tevfik","family":"Kartal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Finance and Banking, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Mersin 99010, Turkey"},{"name":"GUST Center for Sustainable Development, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally 32093, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4359-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel Si","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Centre Europ\u00e9en de Recherche en \u00c9conomie Financi\u00e8re et Gestion des Entreprises, University of Lorraine, F-57000 Metz, France"},{"name":"Research Center in Applied Economics for Development (CREAD), Algeirs 16000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Economics, University Ain Temouchent Belhadj Bouchaib, Ain Temouchent 46000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6099-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Balsalobre-Lorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNEC Research Methods Application Center, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku 1001, Azerbaijan"},{"name":"Department of Applied Economics I, University Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Economic Research Center (WCERC), Western Caspian University, Baku 1001, Azerbaijan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, P., Gabriel, C., Faria, S., Rodrigues, P., and Pereira, M.S. 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