{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:55:03Z","timestamp":1792806903268,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,18]],"date-time":"2015-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40872170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40872170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program Foundation of Higher Education of China","award":["20090061110054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20090061110054"]}]},{"name":"2010 nonprofit scientific special research funds of Ministry of Water Resources","award":["201001008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201001008"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04e698d63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Jilin University's 985 project","award":["450070021107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["450070021107"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00js3aw79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The basic geometric parameters of 236 debris flow catchments were determined by interpreting SPOT5 remote sensing images with a resolution of 2.5 m in a 209 km section along the Jinsha River in the Panxi area, China. A total of 27 large-scale debris flow catchments were selected for detailed in situ investigation. Samples were taken from two profiles in the deposition zone for each debris flow catchment. The \u03c6 value gradation method of the grain size was used to obtain 54 histograms with abscissa in a logarithmic scale. Five types of debris flows were summarized from the outline of the histogram. Four grain size parameters were calculated: mean grain size, standard deviation, coefficient of skewness, and coefficient of kurtosis. These four values were used to evaluate the features of the histogram. The grain index that reflects the transport (kinetic) energy information of debris flows was defined to describe the characteristics of the debris-flow materials. Furthermore, a normalized grain index based on the catchment area was proposed to allow evaluation of the debris flow mobility. The characteristics of the debris-flow materials were well-described by the histogram of grain-size distribution and the normalized grain index.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su71115219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,18]],"date-time":"2015-11-18T10:35:12Z","timestamp":1447842912000},"page":"15219-15242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Grain-Size Analysis of Debris Flow Alluvial Fans in Panxi Area along Jinsha River, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the Yangzi Gorges Exploration & Research, Commission of Water Conservancy of  the Yangzi River, Wuhan 430000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsheng","family":"Que","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LTD. of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, North China Power Engineering CO.,  Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"17","author":"Yin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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