{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T05:06:50Z","timestamp":1771564010314,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]],"date-time":"2016-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An optimization system that supports the production of concrete while minimizing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions or costs is presented that incorporates an evolution algorithm for the materials\u2019 mix design stage, a trigonometric function for the transportation stage, and a stochastic model for the manufacturing stage. A case study demonstrates that applying the optimization system reduced CO2 emissions by 34% compared to the standard concrete production processes typically used. When minimizing the cost of concrete production was prioritized, the cost dropped by 1% compared to the cost of conventional concrete production. These findings confirm that this optimization system helps with the design of the concrete mix and the choice of a material supplier, thus reducing both CO2 emissions and costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su8040361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]],"date-time":"2016-04-13T10:08:06Z","timestamp":1460542086000},"page":"361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An Optimization System for Concrete Life Cycle Cost and Related CO2 Emissions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Building and Urban Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Daehwa-dong 283, Goyandae-Ro, ILsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si 10223, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung","family":"Tae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture &amp; Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Sangrok-Gu, Ansan-Si 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung","family":"Suk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Management, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Management, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant &amp; Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-Si 16227, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Energy Outlook. 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