{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:10:24Z","timestamp":1760242224123,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article focuses on the role that the provisions of the Natura 2000 Network play in affecting land-taking processes by looking at the Italian region of Sardinia, where strict rules on land development have been enforced since 1993 through regional landscape plans and where an extensive Natura 2000 Network, covering nearly 19% of the regional land mass, was established in compliance with Directive 92\/43\/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora and Directive 2009\/147\/EC on the conservation of wild birds. The results and inferences of our study could be easily generalized to other European Union regions, provided that similar geographic datasets are available. By shedding some light on the relation between land take on the one hand, and nature conservation and landscape protection on the other, it is possible to enhance regional planning policies to prevent or hinder land-taking processes, and, by doing so, to help implementing the European Commission recommendation on no net land take by 2050 into the EU regional policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su9020259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T10:09:07Z","timestamp":1487153347000},"page":"259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Influence of Natura 2000 Sites on Land-Taking Processes at the Regional Level: An Empirical Analysis Concerning Sardinia (Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4317-8007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Architettura, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Zoppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Architettura, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"In the words of the Habitats Directive (art. 1, letter k), an SCI is a \u201csite which, in the biogeographical region or regions to which it belongs, contributes significantly to the maintenance or restoration at a favorable conservation status of a natural habitat [\u2026] and may also contribute significantly to the coherence of Natura 2000 [\u2026] and\/or contributes significantly to the maintenance of biological diversity within the biogeographic region or regions concerned\u201d."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"The Birds Directive (art. 4.1) states that \u201cTrends and variations in population levels shall be taken into account as a background for evaluations. Member States shall classify in particular the most suitable territories in number and size as special protection areas for the conservation of these species in the geographical sea and land area where this Directive applies\u201d."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"According to the Habitats Directive, natural habitats are \u201cterrestrial or aquatic areas distinguished by geographic, abiotic and biotic features, whether entirely natural or semi-natural\u201d (art. 1, letter b), conservation is \u201ca series of measures required to maintain or restore the natural habitats and the populations of species of wild fauna and flora at a favorable status\u201d (art. 1, letter a), and conservation status of a natural habitat is \u201cthe sum of the influences acting on a natural habitat and its typical species that may affect its long-term natural distribution, structure and functions as well as the long-term survival of its typical species within the territory\u201d (art. 1, letter e)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Art. 6, paragraph 3 of the Habitats Directive states that \u201cany plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the site but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate assessment of its implications for the site in view of the site\u2019s conservation objectives\u201d and that \u201cthe competent national authorities shall agree to the plan or project only after having ascertained that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site concerned and, if appropriate, after having obtained the opinion of the general public\u201d."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Commission Report on Best Practices for Limiting Soil Sealing and Mitigating Its Effects. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/archives\/soil\/pdf\/sealing\/Soil%20sealing%20-%20Final%20Report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Environment Agency The European Environment State and Outlook 2010\u2014Land Use. Available online: http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/soer\/europe\/land-use\/download."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"ISPRA (2015). Il Consumo di Suolo in Italia [Land Take in Italy], Available online: http:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/files\/pubblicazioni\/rapporti\/Rapporto_218_15.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111772","article-title":"Global consequences of land use","volume":"309","author":"Foley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704119104","article-title":"The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability","volume":"104","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2014.11.021","article-title":"Recent land cover changes in Spain across biogeographical regions and protection levels: Implications for conservation policies","volume":"44","author":"Zavala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800437105","article-title":"Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation","volume":"105","author":"Andam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1592","article-title":"Measuring extent and effectiveness of protected areas as indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets","volume":"360","author":"Chape","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2010193-8604","article-title":"Land use change in a Mediterranean metropolitan region and its periphery: Assessment of conservation policies through CORINE Land Cover and Markov models","volume":"19","author":"Cuevas","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Braun, M. (2006, January 28\u201330). Spatial Impact of Conservation Sites (Natura 2000) on Land Cover Changes. Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop of the EARSeL SIG on Land Use and Land Cover, Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"CORINE is the acronym of COoRdination de l\u2019INformation sur l\u2019Environnement [Coordination of information concerning the environment]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Maktav, D. (2008, January 2\u20135). Historic Land Cover Changes at Natura 2000 Sites and Their Associated Landspaces Across Europe. Proceedings of the 28th Symposium of the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2003.09.008","article-title":"Detecting important categorical land changes while accounting for persistence","volume":"101","author":"Pontius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1068\/b32091","article-title":"Identifying systematic land-cover transitions using remote sensing and GIS: The fate of forests inside and outside protected areas of Southwestern Ghana","volume":"35","author":"Alo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2002). MassGIS, Available online: http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/anf\/research-and-tech\/it-serv-and-support\/application-serv\/office-of-geographic-information-massgis\/datalayers\/wbs2002.html."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2013.09.011","article-title":"Land-taking processes: An interpretive study concerning an Italian region","volume":"36","author":"Zoppi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2015.06.002","article-title":"Determinants of land take at the regional scale: A study concerning Sardinia (Italy)","volume":"55","author":"Zoppi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"We focus on SCIs and SPAs only because at present no SACs have yet been established in Sardinia."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"For more details on the project, the reader can refer to the project\u2019s website (in Italian only): http:\/\/www.bioitaly.casaccia.enea.it\/wwwbioitaly\/ (accessed on 31 March 2016)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"The list was approved with Decision of 19 July 2006\u2014C(2006) 3261."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Deliberation of the Regional Executive No. 52\/19 of 15 December 2004. Available online: http:\/\/www.regione.sardegna.it\/documenti\/1_24_20050114100333.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Deliberation of the Regional Executive No. 9\/17 of 7 March 2007. Available online: http:\/\/www.regione.sardegna.it\/documenti\/1_73_20070326195223.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"The new format for the standard data forms was approved by the European Commission with Decision of 11 July 2011; standard data forms are available for every N2S through the European Environment Agency\u2019s dedicated webpage: http:\/\/natura2000.eea.europa.eu\/ (accessed on 27 December 2016)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"See for instance the raster map \u201cEcosystem Types of Europe\u201d, available at http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/ecosystem-types-of-europe (accessed on 27 December 2016)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Information on this map (in Italian only) can be retrieved from the website of the Italian Superior Institute for Environmental Protection and Research: http:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/it\/servizi-per-lambiente\/sistema-carta-della-natura\/carta-della-natura-alla-scala-1\u201350.000\/sardegna (accessed on 27 December 2016)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"This map is accessible through the Sardinian Regional Environmental Information System\u2019s website (http:\/\/habitat.sardegnaambiente.it\/). Registration and permits are required, because of the sensitivity of some information."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Environment Agency Land Take. Available online: http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/land-take-2\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"European Environment Agency CORINE Land Cover. Available online: http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/COR0-landcover."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"CORINE Land Cover 1990, 2000, 2006, 2012 raster maps (which concern respectively 25, 39, 37 and 33 countries) are available online: http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/ (accessed on 27 December 2016); Italy is included in all of the databases."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/1747423X.2012.761736","article-title":"Exploring the limitations of CORINE Land Cover for monitoring urban land-use dynamics in metropolitan areas","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Land Use Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2005.09.004","article-title":"Accuracy and congruency of three different digital land-use maps","volume":"78","author":"Bach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2014.06.019","article-title":"Detecting multi-scale urban growth patterns and processes in the Algarve region (Southern Portugal)","volume":"53","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Siedentop, S., and Meinel, G. (2004). UVA-Texte. 04\/04 ISSN 0722\u2013186X, Workshop CORINE Land Cover 2000, Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr \u00d6kologische Raumentwicklung e.V."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"The spatial dataset is Available online: http:\/\/www.sinanet.isprambiente.it\/it\/sia-ispra\/download-mais\/consumo-di-suolo\/carta-nazionale-consumo-suolo (accessed on 27 December 2016)."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"European Environment Agency Urban Morphological Zones 1990. Available online: http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/urban-morphological-zones-1990-2."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"SardegnaGeoportale\n          \n          Land Use Map of Sardinia\n          Available online: http:\/\/www.sardegnageoportale.it\/index.php?xsl=1598&s=291548&v=2&c=8831&t=1\n          (accessed on 27 December 2016)\n         This dataset builds upon the so-called \u201c2003 Land use map of Sardinia\u201d, which is actually a land cover map that uses the CLC classification scheme at the 4th level (and, for some classes, the 5th level) in the hierarchy. Data were obtained mainly from photointerpretation of aerial photographs, satellite images, and orthoimages, but other vector data sets (e.g., regional digital cartography) were also used, together with onsite surveys. The scale of the dataset is 1:25,000 and the maps\u2019 minimum mapping unit equals 0.5 ha in urban areas and 0.75 ha in rural areas."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2009.07.003","article-title":"Determining changes and flows in European landscapes 1990\u20132000 using CORINE land cover data","volume":"30","author":"Feranec","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"579","article-title":"Vegetation coverage change in the EU: Patterns inside and outside Natura 2000 protected areas","volume":"24","author":"Kallimanis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02333.x","article-title":"Post-soviet farmland abandonment, forest recovery, and carbon sequestration in Western Ukraine","volume":"17","author":"Kuemmerle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2011.561050","article-title":"Corine land cover changes during the period 1990\u20132000 in the most important areas for birds in Croatia","volume":"18","author":"Bukovec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"ISTAT (Italian National Institute of Statistics) Basi Territoriali e Variabili Censuarie. Available online: http:\/\/www.istat.it\/it\/archivio\/104317."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"ISTAT (Italian National Institute of Statistics) Descrizione dei Dati Geografici e delle Variabili Censuarie Delle Basi Territoriali per i Censimenti: Anni 1991, 2001, 2011. [A Description of Geographic Data and Census Variables of Spatial Reference Datasets for National Census: Years 1991, 2001 and 2011], 2016. Available online: http:\/\/www.istat.it\/it\/files\/2013\/11\/Descrizione-dati-Pubblicazione-2016.03.09.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"European Commission, DG Environment Assessment of Plans and Projects Significantly Affecting Natura 2000 Sites. Methodological Guidance on the Provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92\/43\/EEC. Subparagraph 5 of paragraph 3.2 and paragraphs 3.3 and 3.4. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/nature\/natura2000\/management\/docs\/art6\/natura_2000_assess_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3390\/fi6020223","article-title":"An Ontology of the appropriate assessment of municipal master plans related to Sardinia (Italy)","volume":"6","author":"Zoppi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2012.02.006","article-title":"Protected areas within multifunctional landscapes: Squeezing out intermediate land use intensities in the tropics?","volume":"30","author":"Dewi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2013.04.003","article-title":"Globalization of land use: Distant drivers of land change and geographic displacement of land use","volume":"5","author":"Meyfroidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Forster, D.L. An Overview of U.S. Farm Real Estate Markets. Working Papers of the Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics, Ohio State University. Available online: http:\/\/ageconsearch.umn.edu\/bitstream\/28319\/1\/wp060042.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3368\/le.85.2.252","article-title":"Effect of urban proximity on agricultural land values","volume":"85","author":"Guiling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Land Econ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2006.00871.x","article-title":"Factors influencing Illinois farmland values","volume":"88","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2012.03.005","article-title":"Factors affecting farmlands prices in the Czech Republic","volume":"30","author":"Sklenicka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3138\/carto.47.4.1436","article-title":"Empirical Evidence on Agricultural Land-Use Change in Sardinia, Italy, from GIS-Based Analysis and a Tobit Model","volume":"47","author":"Zoppi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cartographica"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7799-1"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltagi, B.H. (2003). A Companion to Theoretical Econometrics, Blackwell Publishing.","DOI":"10.1111\/b.9781405106764.2003.00002.x"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"The CORINE Land Cover 1990 map is available at http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data (accessed on 27 December 2016)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Available from the Regional Geoportal. Available online: http:\/\/www.sardegnageoportale.it\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Calculated using population data available at http:\/\/www.comuni-italiani.it (official statistical website of the Italian municipalities) and at http:\/\/demo.istat.it\/dat81-91\/COMUNI\/ind_pro.htm (official website of the Italian National Institute of Statistics\u2014ISTAT) (accessed on 27 December 2016)."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Data retrievable from the official website of the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance: http:\/\/www1.finanze.gov.it\/finanze2\/analisi_stat\/v_4_0_0\/contenuti\/Redditi_e_principali_variabili_IRPEF_su_base_comunale_CSV_2008.zip?d= (accessed on 27 December 2016)."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"University of Chicago\u2014Center for Spatial Data Science. Software Downloads. Available online: https:\/\/spatial.uchicago.edu\/software."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Our findings are not entirely consistent with land take-related data made available by ISPRA at http:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/files\/comunicati-stampa\/2014\/Tabelle_consumo_di_suolo.pdf\/at_download\/file (accessed on 27 December 2016)."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2014.07.021","article-title":"Urban green and blue: Who values what and where?","volume":"42","author":"Sander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Fotheringham, A.S., Brunsdon, C., and Charlton, M.E. (2002). Geographically Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1068\/b32119","article-title":"Modeling spatial dimensions of housing prices in Milwaukee, WI","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"The \u201cGeographically Weighted Regression (GWR) (Spatial Statistics)\u201d section, related to Fotheringham et al. (2002), of ArcGIS Resources\u2014ArcGIS 10.1, highlights that \u201cGWR should be applied to datasets with several hundred features for best results. It is not an appropriate method for small datasets: http:\/\/resources.arcgis.com\/en\/help\/main\/10.1\/index.html#\/Geographically_Weighted_Regression_GWR\/005p00000021000000\/ (accessed on 27 December 2016)."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"The reader can refer to the following notes released by the European Commission \u201cCommission Note on Setting Conservation Objectives for Natura 2000 Sites\u201d and \u201cCommission Note on Establishing Conservation Measures for Natura 2000 Sites\u201d, available at: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/nature\/natura2000\/management\/docs\/commission_note\/commission_note2_EN.pdf and http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/nature\/natura2000\/management\/docs\/commission_note\/comNote%20conservation%20measures_EN.pdf (accessed on 27 December 2016)."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2009.09.004","article-title":"Assessment of the Regional Landscape Plan of Sardinia (Italy): A participatory-action-research case study type","volume":"27","author":"Zoppi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone, F., and Zoppi, C. (2016). Conservation measures and loss of ecosystem services: A study concerning the Sardinian Natura 2000 Network. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8101061"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"The prerogatives of the regional administration concerning the approval of local plans are laid down in Art. 9 of Sardinian Regional Law No. 28\/98."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2014.09.012","article-title":"Understanding the links between ecosystem service trade-offs and conflicts in protected areas","volume":"12","author":"Kelemen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-008-9423-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of natural protected areas to prevent land use and land cover change in Mexico","volume":"17","author":"Figueroa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1579\/06-R-184.1","article-title":"Do parks work? Impact of protected areas on land cover clearing","volume":"37","author":"Nagendra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-6228(02)00005-X","article-title":"Land cover change in two protected areas of Guinea-Bissau (1956\u20131998)","volume":"22","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802471105","article-title":"On the protection of protected areas","volume":"105","author":"Joppa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1713","article-title":"Global protected area impacts","volume":"278","author":"Joppa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2013.02.018","article-title":"Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines","volume":"161","author":"Geldmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/9\/2\/259\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:28:09Z","timestamp":1760207289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/9\/2\/259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su9020259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su9020259","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2071-1050"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]}}}