{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:02:47Z","timestamp":1775142167484,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents the development and experimental evaluation of HygroCatch, a portable hybrid fog water harvesting prototype that integrates active and passive collection mechanisms. The device operates by combining fog droplet ionization in a high-voltage direct-current (HV DC) electrostatic field, thermoelectric cooling based on the Peltier effect, and mechanical deposition of droplets on vertical rods of symmetrical triads of electrodes. This hybrid approach enables adaptive operation across a wide range of fog liquid water content (LWC) conditions. The work establishes operating parameters for stable electrostatic ionization and evaluates the contribution of thermoelectric cooling to additional water harvesting. The results indicate that an operating voltage of 13\u201314 kV provides a stable ionization over a broad LWC range. The average fog water harvesting rate reached 3.15 kg\/m2\/h, with a maximum observed value of 4.44 kg\/m2\/h. On average, 56% of the collected water was obtained through HV DC ionization, 25% through Peltier-based thermoelectric cooling, and 19% through mechanical deposition on electrode grids under high LWC conditions. The total electrical power consumption of the device did not exceed 38.3 Wh\/kg. The results demonstrate that a hybrid fog water harvesting strategy enables stable and efficient water collection under environmental conditions in which individual passive or active methods become ineffective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym18040577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:41:03Z","timestamp":1774878063000},"page":"577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Study of Electrostatic and Thermoelectric Hybrid Modes in Fog Water Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2394-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egils","family":"Ginters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Institute, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patriks Voldemars","family":"Ginters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga State Gymnasium No.1, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-025-00381-x","article-title":"Sustainable solutions for water scarcity: A review of electrostatic fog harvesting technology","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-8174-8","article-title":"Fog research in China: An overview","volume":"27","author":"Niu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Toth, G., Gultepe, I., Hansen, B., Milbrandt, J., Pearson, G., Fogarty, C., and Burrows, W. (2010). The Environment Canada Handbook on Fog and Fog Forecasting, Environment Canada, Meteorological Service of Canada. Available online: https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2011\/ec\/En56-231-2010-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginters, E., and Ginters, P.V. (2025). Mathematical modelling of electrode geometries in electrostatic fog harvesters. Symmetry, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17091578"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Kuffel, E., Zaengl, W.S., and Kuffel, J. (2000). High Voltage Engineering: Fundamentals, Butterworth-Heinemann. 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Zenodo."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/18\/4\/577\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T14:20:13Z","timestamp":1775139613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/18\/4\/577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["sym18040577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym18040577","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]}}}