{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:55:58Z","timestamp":1784044558246,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project","award":["24YJCZH183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJCZH183"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project","award":["ZDSYS20230626091402006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20230626091402006"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project","award":["JCYJ20230807110310021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20230807110310021"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Bone Tissue Repair and Translational Research","award":["24YJCZH183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJCZH183"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Bone Tissue Repair and Translational Research","award":["ZDSYS20230626091402006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20230626091402006"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Bone Tissue Repair and Translational Research","award":["JCYJ20230807110310021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20230807110310021"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Committee of Science and Technology","award":["24YJCZH183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJCZH183"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Committee of Science and Technology","award":["ZDSYS20230626091402006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20230626091402006"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Committee of Science and Technology","award":["JCYJ20230807110310021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20230807110310021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Assessment of skeletal maturity is a common clinical practice to investigate adolescent growth and endocrine disorders. The distal radius and ulna (DRU) maturity classification is a practical and easy-to-use scheme that was designed for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis clinical management and presents high sensitivity in predicting the growth peak and cessation among adolescents. However, time-consuming and error-prone manual assessment limits DRU in clinical application. Methods: In this study, we propose a multi-task learning framework with an attention mechanism for the joint segmentation and classification of the distal radius and ulna in hand X-ray images. The proposed framework consists of two sub-networks: an encoder\u2013decoder structure with attention gates for segmentation and a slight convolutional network for classification. Results: With a transfer learning strategy, the proposed framework improved DRU segmentation and classification over the single task learning counterparts and previously reported methods, achieving an accuracy of 94.3% and 90.8% for radius and ulna maturity grading. Findings: Our automatic DRU assessment platform covers the whole process of growth acceleration and cessation during puberty. Upon incorporation into advanced scoliosis progression prognostic tools, clinical decision making will be potentially improved in the conservative and operative management of scoliosis patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography10120139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T09:30:18Z","timestamp":1733391018000},"page":"1915-1929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Automated Distal Radius and Ulna Skeletal Maturity Grading from Hand Radiographs with an Attention Multi-Task Learning Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rulan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Bone Tissue Repair and Translational Research, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6228-9845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2012.756122","article-title":"A comparison of skeletal maturity and growth","volume":"40","author":"Molinari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. 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