{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:10:18Z","timestamp":1767651018950,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center Department of Radiology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using a pediatric-focused lens, this review article briefly summarizes the presentation of several demyelinating and neuroinflammatory diseases using conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, such as T1-weighted with and without an exogenous gadolinium-based contrast agent, T2-weighted, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). These conventional sequences exploit the intrinsic properties of tissue to provide a distinct signal contrast that is useful for evaluating disease features and monitoring treatment responses in patients by characterizing lesion involvement in the central nervous system and tracking temporal features with blood\u2013brain barrier disruption. Illustrative examples are presented for pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis and neuroinflammatory diseases. This work also highlights findings from advanced MRI techniques, often infrequently employed due to the challenges involved in acquisition, post-processing, and interpretation, and identifies the need for future studies to extract the unique information, such as alterations in neurochemistry, disruptions of structural organization, or atypical functional connectivity, that may be relevant for the diagnosis and management of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography10120149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T07:42:18Z","timestamp":1734680538000},"page":"2100-2127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pediatric Neuroimaging of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammatory Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chloe","family":"Dunseath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma J.","family":"Bova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1694-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0578-736X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marguerite","family":"Care","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8233-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim M.","family":"Cecil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alroughani, R., and Boyko, A. 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