{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:34:16Z","timestamp":1759970056074,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fabrikant Vilhelm Pedersen og Hustrus Mindelegat","award":["1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Anesthesia can significantly impact positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging in preclinical studies. Therefore, understanding these effects is crucial for accurate interpretation of the results. In this experiment, we investigate the effect of [18F]-labeled glucose analog fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) uptake in the brains of rats anesthetized with two commonly used anesthetics for rodents: isoflurane, an inhalation anesthetic, and Hypnorm\u2013Dormicum, a combination injection anesthetic. Materials and Methods: Female adult Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two anesthesia groups: isoflurane or Hypnorm\u2013Dormicum. The rats were submitted to dynamic [18F]FDG PET scan. The whole brain [18F]FDG standard uptake value (SUV) and the brain voxel-based analysis were performed. Results: The dynamic [18F]FDG data revealed that the brain SUV was 38% lower in the isoflurane group after 40 min of image (2.085 \u00b1 0.3563 vs. 3.369 \u00b1 0.5577, p = 0.0008). In voxel-based analysis between groups, the maps collaborate with SUV data, revealing a reduction in [18F]FDG uptake in the isoflurane group, primarily in the cortical regions, with additional small increases observed in the midbrain and cerebellum. Discussion and Conclusions: The observed differences in [18F]FDG uptake in the brain may be attributed to variations in metabolic activity. These results underscore the necessity for careful consideration of anesthetic choice and its impact on neuroimaging outcomes in future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography11010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T07:10:17Z","timestamp":1735888217000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic Differences in Neuroimaging with [18F]FDG in Rats Under Isoflurane and Hypnorm\u2013Dormicum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0084-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aage Kristian Olsen","family":"Alstrup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5665-3284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim Vang","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6096-3341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline C.","family":"Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-219X-2-44","article-title":"Anaesthesia and physiological monitoring during in vivo imaging of laboratory rodents: Considerations on experimental outcomes and animal welfare","volume":"2","author":"Tremoleda","year":"2012","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2012.011173","article-title":"Anaesthesia for positron emission tomography scanning of animal brains","volume":"47","author":"Alstrup","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1582","article-title":"Simultaneous assessment of rodent behavior and neurochemistry using a miniature positron emission tomograph","volume":"8","author":"Schulz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Meth."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Miranda, A. (2018). PET brain imaging of awake small animals. [Doctor Thesis, University of Antwerp]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, A., Kroll, T., Schweda, V., Staelens, S., and Verhaeghe, J. (2023). Correction of motion tracking errors for PET head rigid motion correction. Phys. Med. Biol., 68.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/acec2c"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, A., Bertoglio, D., Stroobants, S., Staelens, S., and Verhaeghe, J. (2021). Translation of preclinical PET imaging findings: Challenges and motion correction to overcome the confounding effects of anesthesia. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.753977"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20083","article-title":"Rat-PET study without anesthesia: Anesthetics modify the dopamine D1 receptor binding in rat brain","volume":"54","author":"Momosaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"163","article-title":"Stress and local cerebral blood flow: Studies on restrained and unrestrained rats","volume":"63","author":"Lasbennes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.065","article-title":"Imaging dopamine release with positron emission tomography (PET) and 11C-raclopride in freely moving animals","volume":"41","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Russell, W.M.S., and Burch, R.L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Methuen & Co Ltd."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.13477","article-title":"Evaluation of brain [18F]F-FDG uptake pattern under different anaesthesia protocols","volume":"38","author":"Kepes","year":"2024","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2006.09.007","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of [11C]MPEPy as a potential PET ligand for mGlu5 receptors","volume":"33","author":"Severance","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/00008506-199610000-00007","article-title":"Comparative effects of propofol, pentobarbital, and isoflurane om cerebral blood flow and blood volume","volume":"8","author":"Todd","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/00008506-199704000-00015","article-title":"Effects of propofol on cerebral blood flow, metabolim, and cerebral autoregulation in the anesthetized pig","volume":"9","author":"Lagerkranser","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000090623.86921.47","article-title":"Determination of kinetic rate constants for 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose and partition coefficient of water in conscious macaques and alterations in aging or anesthesia examined on parametric images with an anatomic standardization technique","volume":"23","author":"Noda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1398","article-title":"Absolute quantification of regional cerebral glucose utilization in mice by 18F-FDG small animal PET scanning and 2-14C-DG autoradiography","volume":"45","author":"Toyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.075184","article-title":"Establishment of in vivo brain imaging in conscious mice","volume":"51","author":"Mizuma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"130","article-title":"Effects of anesthetic protocol on normal canine brain uptake of 18F-FDG assessed by PET\/CT","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"246","article-title":"Effects of various anesthetic protocols on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake into the brain and hearts of normal miniature pigs (Sus scrofa domestica)","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13542","article-title":"Effects of isoflurane anaesthesia and intravenous morphine selv-administration on regional glucose metabolism ([18F]FDG-PET) of male Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"45","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"195","article-title":"Type of anesthesia influences positron emission tomography measurements of dopamine D2\/3 receptor binding in the rat brain","volume":"38","author":"Alstrup","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2004.08.007","article-title":"Mapping the amphetamine-evoked dopamine release in the brain of the G\u00f6ttingen minipig","volume":"65","author":"Lind","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.11.038","article-title":"Mapping the amphetamine-evoked changes in [11C]raclopride binding in living rat using small animal PET: Modulation by MAO-inhibition","volume":"35","author":"Pedersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1171-8","article-title":"Interference of anaesthetics with radioligand binding in neuroreceptor studies","volume":"30","author":"Elfving","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eu. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25102","article-title":"[18F]FDG brain uptake of C57\/Bl\/6 male mice is affected by locomotor activity after cocaine use: A small animal positron emission tomography study","volume":"100","author":"Spelta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2016.1276620","article-title":"FDG-PET reproducibility in tumor-bearing mice: Comparing a traditional SUV approach with a tumor-to-brain tissue ratio approach","volume":"56","author":"Busk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f8dal, L., Afzelius, P., Alstrup, A.K.O., and Jensen, S.B. (2021). Radiotracers for bone marrow infection imaging. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113159"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677217738268","article-title":"On determining sample size in experiments involving laboratory animals","volume":"52","author":"Festing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"311","article-title":"FELASA Guidelines and Recommendations","volume":"51","author":"Guillen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Paula, F.D., Estessi de Souza, L., Duran, F.L.S., Buchpiguel, C.A., Britto, L.R., Crippa, J.A.S., Filho, G.B., and Real, C.C. (2022). Cannabidiol treatment improves glucose metabolism and memory in Streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease rat model: A Proof-of-concept study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031076"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Z., Roh, S.-E., Yang, X., Wang, W., Wang, J., Chen, L., Li, Y., Bibic, A., and Lu, H. (2024). The impact of isoflurane anesthesia on brain metabolism in mice: An MRI and electroencephalography study. NMR Biomed., 37.","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.5260"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1258\/002367784780891406","article-title":"Midazolam and fentanyl-fluanisone: Assessment of anaesthetic effects in laboratory rodents and rabbits","volume":"18","author":"Flecknell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driesen, N.R., Herman, P., Rowland, M.A., Thompson, G., Qiu, M., He, G., Fineberg, S., Barron, D.S., Helgeson, L., and Lacadie, C. (2023). Ketamine effects on energy metabolism, functional connectivity and working memory in healthy humans. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.21.529425"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/68.4.388","article-title":"Transcranial doppler sonography; effects of halothale, enflurane and isoflurane on blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery","volume":"68","author":"Thiel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199406000-00020","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow in primates is increased by isoflurane over time and is descreased by nitric oxide synthase inhibition","volume":"80","author":"McPherson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198206000-00009","article-title":"Effects of midazolam on cerebral blood flow in human volunteers","volume":"56","author":"Forster","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00199-z","article-title":"Long-term monitoring of intracranial pressure in freely-moving rats: Impact of different physiological states","volume":"17","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-017-1126-2","article-title":"Standardization of small animal imaging\u2013current status and future prospects","volume":"20","author":"Mannheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.01.024","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals","volume":"418","author":"Jha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1159\/000531352","article-title":"Isofluran rapidly modifies synaptic and cytoskeletal phoshoproteomes of supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and the cortex","volume":"113","author":"Gadd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.07.065","article-title":"Anesthesia and surgery induce a functional decrease in excitatory synaptic transmission in prefrontal cortex neurons, and intraoperative administration of dexmedotomidine does not elicit the synaptic dysfunction","volume":"572","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.1","article-title":"The metabolomic profile during isoflurane anesthesia differs from propofol anesthesia in the live rodent brain","volume":"31","author":"Makaryus","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.020","article-title":"Halogenated volatile anaesthetics alter brain metabolism as revealed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of mice in vivo","volume":"69","author":"Boritius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-016-1235-8","article-title":"Activity in the rat olfactory cortex is correlated with behavioral response to odor: A microPET study","volume":"222","author":"Litaudon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"28","article-title":"Fentanyl-fluanisone-midazolam combination results in more stable hemodynamics than does urethane alpha-chloralose and 2,2,2-tribromoethanol in mice","volume":"41","author":"Jong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8051(03)00124-0","article-title":"Evaluation of anesthesia effects on [18F]FDG uptake in mouse brain and heart using small animal PET","volume":"31","author":"Toyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pertiwi, K.R., Hillman, R.M., Scott, C.A., and Chilton, E.L. (2019). Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Produces, and Ischemic Preconditioning Prevents, Rat Cardiac Fibroblast Differentiation: Role of K(ATP) Channels. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd6020022"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2741\/4109","article-title":"Mechanisms of cardioprotection by isoflurane against I\/R injury","volume":"18","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.03.029","article-title":"Sex effects on behavioral markers of emergence from propofol and isoflurane anesthesia in rats","volume":"367","author":"Mansouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Tomography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2379-139X\/11\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:22:29Z","timestamp":1759918949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2379-139X\/11\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["tomography11010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tomography11010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-139X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2379-139X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]}}}