{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:44:53Z","timestamp":1780469093794,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Zygomatico-maxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are prevalent facial injuries with significant functional and aesthetic implications. Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) offers precise surgical planning and outcome evaluation. The study aimed to evaluate the application of CAS in the analysis of ZMC fracture outcomes and to propose a reproducible workflow for surgical outcome assessment using cephalometric landmarks. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 16 patients treated for unilateral ZMC fractures at the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit of Siena University Hospital (2017\u20132024). Inclusion criteria included ZMC fractures classified as Zingg B or C, treated via open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Pre- and post-operative CT scans were processed for two- and three-dimensional analyses. Discrepancies between CAS-optimized reduction and achieved surgical outcomes were quantified using cephalometric landmarks and volumetric assessments. Results: Out of the 16 patients (69% male, mean age 48.1 years), fractures were predominantly on the right side (81%). CAS comparison between the post-operative and the contralateral side revealed significant asymmetries along the X and Y axes, particularly in the fronto-zygomatic suture (FZS), zygo-maxillary point (MP), and zygo-temporal point (ZT). Computer-assisted comparison between the post-operative and the CAS-simulated reductions showed statistical differences along all three orthonormal axes, highlighting the challenges in achieving ideal symmetry despite advanced surgical techniques. CAS-optimized reductions demonstrated measurable improvements compared to traditional methods, underscoring their utility in outcome evaluation. Conclusions: CAS technology enhances the precision of ZMC fracture outcome evaluation, allowing for detailed comparison between surgical outcomes and virtual simulations. Its application underscores the potential for improved surgical planning and execution, especially in complex cases. Future studies should focus on expanding sample size, refining workflows, and integrating artificial intelligence to automate processes for broader clinical applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography11020019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T06:41:12Z","timestamp":1739860872000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Computer-Assisted Evaluation of Zygomatic Fracture Outcomes: Case Series and Proposal of a Reproducible Workflow"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8997-5335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, S. Maria alle Scotte University Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1347-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Frosolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, S. Maria alle Scotte University Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Cascino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, S. Maria alle Scotte University Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2035-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Viola","family":"Pignataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, S. Maria alle Scotte University Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoniatrics and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience DNS, Univeristy of Padova, 31100 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8751-0588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gino","family":"Marioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoniatrics and Audiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience DNS, Univeristy of Padova, 31100 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Gabriele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, S. Maria alle Scotte University Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, S. Maria alle Scotte University Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.12.003","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Symmetry Recovery in Navigation-Assisted Surgical Reduction of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures","volume":"47","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giran, G., Par\u00e9, A., Crois\u00e9, B., Koudougou, C., Mercier, J.M., Laure, B., Corre, P., and Bertin, H. (2019). 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