{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T18:13:12Z","timestamp":1794075192900,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01CA181566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA181566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01NS090464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS090464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DK116126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK116126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01NS095562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS095562"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["R01CA181566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA181566"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01NS090464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS090464"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01DK116126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK116126"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01NS095562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS095562"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Liver fibrosis, if left untreated, can lead to cirrhosis and cancer. The current standard liver biopsy for fibrosis staging is invasive and prone to risks of complication. The objective of this study was to develop a new noninvasive method to quantify fibrosis using diamagnetic susceptibility sources generated from multi-echo gradient echo (mGRE) data with both magnitude decay R2* modeling and phase QSM modeling. Methods: mGRE data of ex vivo liver explants was processed with fat\u2013water separation and then susceptibility source separation. Negative susceptibility was used to measure diamagnetic fibrosis. In 20 formalin-fixed liver explant sections, negative susceptibility maps were compared with other MRI parameters against pathology for fibrosis staging. Results: The correlation between the negative susceptibility sources and the fibrosis stages was evaluated with Spearman coefficients. Negative susceptibility differentiated (i) no or mild fibrosis (stages F0 to F1) from moderate-to-advanced fibrosis (stages F2 to F3; p = 0.0025), (ii) stages F2 to F3 from cirrhosis (stage F4; p = 0.021), and (iii) no-to-moderate fibrosis (stages F0 to F2) from advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis (stages F3 to F4) with a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 90%, and a 0.88 Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (AUC) (p = 0.0017). Conclusions: For staging fibrosis, negative susceptibility was superior to other MRI parameters, including R2*, QSM, and PDFF. Negative susceptibility sources were positively correlated with the fibrosis stage (r = 0.60). Negative susceptibility could be valuable for MRI staging in liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography12040046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T09:26:12Z","timestamp":1775121972000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MRI Quantification of Liver Fibrosis Using Diamagnetic Susceptibility: An Ex Vivo Validation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0460-6635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey V.","family":"Dimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Koehne de Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9883-0584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin R.","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4706-4808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominick","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Spincemaille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1411-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh D.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Brittenham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1404-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2023.101231","article-title":"Liver fibrosis in NAFLD\/NASH: From pathophysiology towards diagnostic and therapeutic strategies","volume":"95","author":"Parola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. 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