{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:17:21Z","timestamp":1783423041831,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder. This study aims to assess the hip-knee-ankle anatomical alignment in patients with OA at different stages. Materials and Methods: Radiological images of 200 OA patients were analyzed to measure parameters such as femoral and tibial lengths (both anatomical and mechanical), abductor length, hip center length, femoral offset, collum femoris length, and shaft angle using ImageJ software (version 1.53k; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Results: The female-to-male ratio was 2.17:1. Male participants exhibited greater values for femoral and tibial lengths, abductor length, hip center length, femoral offset, collum femoris length, and collum femoris shaft angle, whereas females showed higher Q angle, hip\u2013knee\u2013ankle angle, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, and femoral angle measurements. Significant differences in both linear and angular parameters were observed among age groups. Q angle, hip\u2013knee\u2013ankle angle, femoral mechanical axis shaft angle, plateau angle, and ankle tilt angle values were significantly higher in individuals aged 62\u201375 years. According to Kellgren\u2013Lawrence staging, significant increases were observed in Q angle, hip\u2013knee\u2013ankle angle, femoral mechanical axis shaft angle, plateau angle, and ankle tilt angle in advanced-stage disease (Stage 4) (p &lt; 0.05). Although mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, femoral Q angle, tibial Q angle, condylar plateau angle, and tibiotalar angle showed numerical differences across disease stages, these findings did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Comprehensive assessment of lower-extremity alignment may provide complementary information regarding biomechanical changes associated with knee osteoarthritis progression and could support individualized clinical follow-up and treatment planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography12070103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:04:49Z","timestamp":1783411489000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radiographic Analysis of Lower Limb Alignment in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7140-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozden","family":"Bedre Duygu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Bakircay University, 35660 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9635-6308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Figen","family":"Govsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8674-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil Murat","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2154-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Alp","family":"Ozmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Izmir City Hospital, 35540 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"299","article-title":"3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging role in articular degenerative pathology","volume":"44","author":"Coltoi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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