{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:08:13Z","timestamp":1788779293582,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Compression syndromes of the stylohyoid complex (SHC) encompass neural, arterial, and venous presentations extending beyond classic Eagle syndrome. Symptomatic disease is increasingly recognised as a dynamic neurovascular conflict determined not by styloid process (SP) length alone, but by three-dimensional orientation, vessel and nerve proximity, and positional musculoskeletal interactions. This review synthesises that literature and proposes a phenotype-based framework integrating neural, arterial, venous, and mixed presentations. Methods: This is a narrative, pathophysiologically organised review rather than a systematic or scoping review. Landmark anatomical, clinical, and cohort studies were synthesised alongside systematic reviews, meta-analyses, osteological data, and selected case reports illustrating mechanisms not captured at cohort level. Evidence strength was interpreted by study design, distinguishing pooled estimates from retrospective series and proposed mechanisms. Results: The SHC and adjacent C1 transverse process form a narrow corridor containing the internal jugular vein, carotid arteries, and lower cranial nerves. SP elongation is common, but symptomatic compression depends more on orientation, SP-to-C1 distance, vessel proximity, and dynamic positional factors than on length. Three-dimensional CT angiography\/venography is the anatomical cornerstone for defining morphology and vessel relationships, whereas catheter venography with manometry remains the haemodynamic reference standard in selected venous cases. Jugular narrowing is frequent in asymptomatic individuals and is not diagnostic without clinical and haemodynamic correlation. Surgical decompression appears favourable in selected patients, whereas primary endovascular stenting, evaluated only in single-centre observational series, carries a substantial complication profile and should generally be reserved for refractory or combined presentations. Conclusions: SHC compression syndromes are best understood as overlapping neural, arterial, venous, and mixed phenotypes within a dynamic neurovascular corridor. A phenotype-based classification and a cautious \u201cstyloidectomy-first\u201d strategy for osseous venous compression are proposed as practical frameworks, but require prospective validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography12090127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Compression Syndromes of the Stylohyoid Complex: Neural, Arterial, and Venous Phenotypes in a Dynamic Neurovascular Corridor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9388-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Alexandra","family":"B\u0103nic\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department 1, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir Ioan","family":"Zamfirescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department 1, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8723-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mugurel Constantin","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department 1, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulian","family":"Brezean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Surgery and Qualified Care in Surgical Specialties, Department of Specific Disciplines, Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, \u201cDr. Ion Cantacuzino\u201d Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1948.00690030654006","article-title":"Elongated styloid process; further observations and a new syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Eagle","year":"1948","journal-title":"Arch. 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