{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:34:46Z","timestamp":1792103686557,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The traditional Lund-Mackay score (TLMs) is unable to subgrade the volume of inflammatory disease. We aimed to propose an effective modification and calculated the volume-based modified LM score (VMLMs), which should correlate more strongly with clinical symptoms than the TLMs. Methods: Semi-supervised learning with pseudo-labels used for self-training was adopted to train our convolutional neural networks, with the algorithm including a combination of MobileNet, SENet, and ResNet. A total of 175 CT sets, with 50 participants that would undergo sinus surgery, were recruited. The Sinonasal Outcomes Test-22 (SNOT-22) was used to assess disease-specific symptoms before and after surgery. A 3D-projected view was created and VMLMs were calculated for further comparison. Results: Our methods showed a significant improvement both in sinus classification and segmentation as compared to state-of-the-art networks, with an average Dice coefficient of 91.57%, an MioU of 89.43%, and a pixel accuracy of 99.75%. The sinus volume exhibited sex dimorphism. There was a significant positive correlation between volume and height, but a trend toward a negative correlation between maxillary sinus and age. Subjects who underwent surgery had significantly greater TLMs (14.9 vs. 7.38) and VMLMs (11.65 vs. 4.34) than those who did not. ROC-AUC analyses showed that the VMLMs had excellent discrimination at classifying a high probability of postoperative improvement with SNOT-22 reduction. Conclusions: Our method is suitable for obtaining detailed information, excellent sinus boundary prediction, and differentiating the target from its surrounding structure. These findings demonstrate the promise of CT-based volumetric analysis of sinus mucosal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography8020059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T01:50:53Z","timestamp":1646790653000},"page":"718-729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Semi-Supervised Deep Learning Semantic Segmentation for 3D Volumetric Computed Tomographic Scoring of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Clinical Correlations and Comparison with Lund-Mackay Scoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Chung-Feng Jeffrey","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 114, Taiwan, <email>jeffreykuo@mail.ntust.edu.tw<\/email> (C.-F.J.K.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3285-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Shu","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 114, Taiwan, <email>jeffreykuo@mail.ntust.edu.tw<\/email> (C.-F.J.K.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagadish","family":"Barman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 114, Taiwan, <email>jeffreykuo@mail.ntust.edu.tw<\/email> (C.-F.J.K.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9730-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao-Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Gong Road, Neihu District, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22109","article-title":"Preoperative Lund-Mackay computed tomography score is associated with preoperative symptom severity and predicts quality-of-life outcome trajectories after sinus surgery","volume":"8","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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