{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T05:41:37Z","timestamp":1776490897191,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202104PJT-462838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202104PJT-462838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) provides hotspot tracking and direct quantification of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIO)-labelled cells. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) with the luciferase reporter gene Akaluc can provide complementary information on cell viability. Thus, we explored combining these technologies to provide a more holistic view of cancer cell fate in mice. Akaluc-expressing 4T1Br5 cells were labelled with the SPIO Synomag-D and injected into the mammary fat pads (MFP) of four nude mice. BLI was performed on days 0, 6 and 13, and MPI was performed on days 1, 8 and 14. Ex vivo histology and fluorescence microscopy of MFP and a potential metastatic site was conducted. The BLI signal in the MFP increased significantly from day 0 to day 13 (p &lt; 0.05), mirroring tumor growth. The MPI signal significantly decreased from day 1 to day 14 (p &lt; 0.05) due to SPIO dilution in proliferating cells. Both modalities detected secondary metastases; however, they were visualized in different anatomical regions. Akaluc BLI complemented MPI cell tracking, allowing for longitudinal measures of cell viability and sensitive detection of distant metastases at different locations. We predict this multimodal imaging approach will help to evaluate novel therapeutics and give a better understanding of metastatic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography9010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T02:29:31Z","timestamp":1674700171000},"page":"178-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dual Magnetic Particle Imaging and Akaluc Bioluminescence Imaging for Tracking Cancer Cell Metastasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8866-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8515-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia C.","family":"Sehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia J.","family":"Gevaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3626-8629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John J.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula J.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Ronald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"},{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5574","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2474","article-title":"Are 90% of deaths from cancer caused by metastases?","volume":"8","author":"Rogers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10166-8","article-title":"Comparison of patterns and prognosis among distant metastatic breast cancer patients by age groups: A SEER population-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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