{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:50:39Z","timestamp":1760147439126,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim of the study is to identify the advantages, if any, of post-operative MRIs performed at 48 h compared to MRIs performed after 48 h in glioblastoma surgery. Materials and Methods: To assess the presence of a residual tumor, the T1-weighted Contrast Enhancement (CE), Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), and Cerebral Blood Volume (rCBV) in the proximity of the surgical cavity were considered. The rCBV ratio was calculated by comparing the rCBV with the contralateral normal white matter. After the blind image examinations by the two radiologists, the patients were divided into two groups according to time window after surgery: \u226448 h (group 1) and &gt;48 h (group 2). Results: A total of 145 patients were enrolled; at the 6-month follow-up MRI, disease recurrence was 89.9% (125\/139), with a mean patient survival of 8.5 months (SD 7.8). The mean ADC and rCBV ratio values presented statistical differences between the two groups (p &lt; 0.05). Of these 40 patients in whom an ADC value was not obtained, the rCBV values could not be calculated in 52.5% (21\/40) due to artifacts (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The study showed differences in CE, rCBV, and ADC values between the groups of patients undergoing MRIs before and after 48 h. An MRI performed within 48 h may increase the ability of detecting GBM by the perfusion technique with the calculation of the rCBV ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography9010027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T03:47:33Z","timestamp":1675309653000},"page":"342-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["T1-Weighted Contrast Enhancement, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient, and Cerebral-Blood-Volume Changes after Glioblastoma Resection: MRI within 48 Hours vs. beyond 48 Hours"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Negroni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital of Novara, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Bono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital of Novara, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Soligo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, San Andrea Hospital of Vercelli, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital of Novara, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Cossandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital of Novara, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Carriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital of Novara, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0712-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Stecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 Hospital of Novara, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280319","article-title":"Glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas: A clinical review","volume":"310","author":"Omuro","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos218","article-title":"CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2005\u20132009","volume":"14","author":"Dolecek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","article-title":"The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary","volume":"131","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21613","article-title":"Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions","volume":"70","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2020.09.010","article-title":"Imaging Glioblastoma Posttreatment: Progression, Pseudoprogression, Pseudoresponse, Radiation Necrosis","volume":"31","author":"Strauss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, D., Yang, G., Jing, H., Tan, Y., Zhao, B., and Zhang, H. (2022). Tumor Progression and Treatment-Related Changes: Radiological Diagnosis Challenges for the Evaluation of Post Treated Glioma. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153771"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79829-3","article-title":"Precise enhancement quantification in post-operative MRI as an indicator of residual tumor impact is associated with survival in patients with glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Ligero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nor133","article-title":"Correlation of the extent of tumor volume resection and patient survival in surgery of glioblastoma multiforme with high-field intraoperative MRI guidance","volume":"13","author":"Kuhnt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov326","article-title":"Complete resection of contrast-enhancing tumor volume is associated with improved survival in recurrent glioblastoma\u2014Results from the DIRECTOR trial","volume":"18","author":"Suchorska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, M.L., Zhang, Y., Yu, F., Shonka, N., Aizenberg, M.R., Adapa, P., and Kazmi, S.A.J. (2019). Post-operative perfusion and diffusion MR imaging and tumor progression in high-grade gliomas. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213905"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07387-3","article-title":"Glioblastoma post-operative imaging in neuro-oncology: Current UK practice (GIN CUP study)","volume":"31","author":"Booth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.09.027","article-title":"Utility of Early Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Glioblastoma Resection: Implications on Patient Survival","volume":"120","author":"Mrowczynski","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"45","article-title":"Early Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Resection of Malignant Glioma: Objective Evaluation of Residual Tumor and Its Influence on Regrowth and Prognosis","volume":"34","author":"Albert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.204.3.9280269","article-title":"Postoperative changes in the brain: MR imaging findings in patients without neoplasms","volume":"204","author":"Sato","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.84.2.0174","article-title":"Early postoperative magnetic resonance imaging following nonneoplastic cortical resection","volume":"84","author":"Henegar","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-020-02474-9","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of brain glioma before postoperative radiotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Sui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.3.JNS172516","article-title":"Evaluation of the extent of resection and detection of ischemic lesions with intraoperative MRI in glioma surgery: Is intraoperative MRI superior to early postoperative MRI?","volume":"131","author":"Masuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.26.3541","article-title":"Updated response assessment criteria for high-grade gliomas: Response assessment in neuro-oncology working group","volume":"28","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rykkje, A.M., Li, D., Skj\u00f8th-Rasmussen, J., Larsen, V.A., Nielsen, M.B., Hansen, A.E., and Carlsen, J.F. (2021). Surgically induced contrast enhancements on intraoperative and early postoperative MRI following high-grade glioma surgery: A systematic review. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081344"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/197140090802100403","article-title":"MR Perfusion Imaging of Intracranial Tumors. A Retrospective Study of 218 Patients","volume":"21","author":"Aprile","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18570","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24970","article-title":"A comparison of arterial spin labeling and dynamic susceptibility perfusion imaging for resection control in glioblastoma surgery","volume":"9","author":"Lindner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.11.021","article-title":"Intraoperative dynamic susceptibility contrast weighted magnetic resonance imaging (iDSC-MRI)\u2014Technical considerations and feasibility","volume":"45","author":"Ulmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9807-6","article-title":"Glioma grading: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of diffusion and perfusion imaging","volume":"94","author":"Arvinda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3914-x","article-title":"Early post-operative magnetic resonance imaging in glioblastoma: Correlation among radiological findings and overall survival in 60 patients","volume":"26","author":"Cos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.03.031","article-title":"Patterns and Time Dependence of Unspecific Enhancement in Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Glioblastoma Resection","volume":"90","author":"Bette","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2286","article-title":"Diagnostic Dilemma of Pseudoprogression in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Glioblastomas: The Role of Assessing Relative Cerebral Blood Flow Volume and Oxygen-6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Promoter Methylation Status","volume":"32","author":"Kong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neska-matuszewska, M., Bladowska, J., Marek, S., and Zimny, A. (2018). Differentiation of glioblastoma multiforme, metastases and primary central nervous system lymphomas using multiparametric perfusion and diffusion MR imaging of a tumor core and a peritumoral zone\u2014Searching for a practical approach. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191341"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8718097","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8718097","article-title":"The Utility of Diffusion and Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Target Delineation of High-Grade Gliomas","volume":"2020","author":"Fei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0724-8","article-title":"Pre-operative apparent diffusion coefficient values and tumour region volumes as prognostic biomarkers in glioblastoma: Correlation and progression-free survival analyses","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-021-04914-z","article-title":"Brain infarctions after glioma surgery: Prevalence, radiological characteristics and risk factors","volume":"163","author":"Strand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-119686","article-title":"Increase in FLAIR Signal of the Fluid Within the Resection Cavity as Early Recurrence Marker: Also Valid for Brain Metastases?","volume":"189","author":"Bette","year":"2016","journal-title":"R\u00f6Fo\u2014Fortschr. Geb. R\u00f6ntgenstrahlen Bildgeb. Verfahr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1997.15.5.2076","article-title":"Prospective Study of Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Malignant Gliomas","volume":"13","author":"Forsyth","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz398","article-title":"Frequency and evolution of new postoperative enhancement on 3 Tesla intraoperative and early postoperative magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"87","author":"Miskin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v6.i8.538","article-title":"Intraoperative perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: Cutting-edge improvement in neurosurgical procedures","volume":"6","author":"Ulmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5015","article-title":"Early-Stage Glioblastomas: MR Imaging\u2014Based Classification and Imaging Evidence of Progressive Growth","volume":"38","author":"Toh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00588487","article-title":"Accelerated methaemoglobin formation: Potential pitfall in early postoperative MRI","volume":"35","author":"Forsting","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2081-y","article-title":"Early postoperative MRI overestimates residual tumour after resection of gliomas with no or minimal enhancement","volume":"21","author":"Belhawi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043331","article-title":"MGMT Gene Silencing and Benefit from Temozolomide in Glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Hegi","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70164-X","article-title":"Temozolomide chemotherapy alone versus radiotherapy alone for malignant astrocytoma in the elderly: The NOA-08 randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"13","author":"Wick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."}],"container-title":["Tomography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2379-139X\/9\/1\/27\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:21:56Z","timestamp":1760120516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2379-139X\/9\/1\/27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["tomography9010027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tomography9010027","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-139X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2379-139X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]}}}