{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:35:09Z","timestamp":1790469309643,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine Clinical &amp; Translational Science Center","award":["UL1TR002384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002384"]}]},{"name":"Shaw Foundation","award":["UL1TR002384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002384"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Total kidney volume measured on MRI is an important biomarker for assessing the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and response to treatment. However, we have noticed that there can be substantial differences in the kidney volume measurements obtained from the various pulse sequences commonly included in an MRI exam. Here we examine kidney volume measurement variability among five commonly acquired MRI pulse sequences in abdominal MRI exams in 105 patients with ADPKD. Right and left kidney volumes were independently measured by three expert observers using model-assisted segmentation for axial T2, coronal T2, axial single-shot fast spin echo (SSFP), coronal SSFP, and axial 3D T1 images obtained on a single MRI from ADPKD patients. Outlier measurements were analyzed for data acquisition errors. Most of the outlier values (88%) were due to breathing during scanning causing slice misregistration with gaps or duplication of imaging slices (n = 35), slice misregistration from using multiple breath holds during acquisition (n = 25), composing of two overlapping acquisitions (n = 17), or kidneys not entirely within the field of view (n = 4). After excluding outlier measurements, the coefficient of variation among the five measurements decreased from 4.6% pre to 3.2%. Compared to the average of all sequences without errors, TKV measured on axial and coronal T2 weighted imaging were 1.2% and 1.8% greater, axial SSFP was 0.4% greater, coronal SSFP was 1.7% lower and axial T1 was 1.5% lower than the mean, indicating intrinsic measurement biases related to the different MRI contrast mechanisms. In conclusion, MRI data acquisition errors are common but can be identified using outlier analysis and excluded to improve organ volume measurement consistency. Bias toward larger volume measurements on T2 sequences and smaller volumes on axial T1 sequences can also be mitigated by averaging data from all error-free sequences acquired.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography9040107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T02:14:48Z","timestamp":1689214488000},"page":"1341-1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinical Quality Control of MRI Total Kidney Volume Measurements in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chenglin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-8350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hreedi","family":"Dev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7097-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Sharbatdaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniil","family":"Shimonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"The Rogosin Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1376-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M.","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"The Rogosin Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon D.","family":"Blumenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"The Rogosin Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1404-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Teichman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4833-9356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akshay","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9883-0584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin R.","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012070650","article-title":"Type of PKD1 mutation influences renal outcome in ADPKD","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054341","article-title":"Volume progression in polycystic kidney disease","volume":"354","author":"Grantham","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013101138","article-title":"Imaging classification of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: A simple model for selecting patients for clinical trials","volume":"26","author":"Irazabal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.01.030","article-title":"Total kidney volume in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: A biomarker of disease progression and therapeutic efficacy","volume":"66","author":"Alam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907419","article-title":"Sirolimus and kidney growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"363","author":"Serra","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003491","article-title":"Everolimus in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"363","author":"Walz","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02650313","article-title":"Low-dose rapamycin (sirolimus) effects in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: An open-label randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Braun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000491022","article-title":"A review of the imaging techniques for measuring kidney and cyst volume in establishing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease progression","volume":"48","author":"Magistroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110734","article-title":"Low-dose abdominal CT for evaluating suspected appendicitis","volume":"366","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.08.013","article-title":"Limited performance of estimated total kidney volume for follow-up of ADPKD","volume":"6","author":"Demoulin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, K., Caroli, A., Quach, L.V., Petzold, K., Bozzetto, M., Serra, A.L., Remuzzi, G., and Remuzzi, A. (2017). Kidney volume measurement methods for clinical studies on autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178488"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.8043","article-title":"Intraobserver and interobserver variability of renal volume measurements in polycystic kidney disease using a semiautomated MR segmentation algorithm","volume":"199","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.06.017","article-title":"Estimation of total kidney volume in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"66","author":"Spithoven","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2015.06.018","article-title":"Reliability of total renal volume computation in polycystic kidney disease from magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"22","author":"Turco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1285-2","article-title":"T1 vs. T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging to assess total kidney volume in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"43","author":"Messchendorp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dev, H., Zhu, C., Sharbatdaran, A., Raza, S.I., Wang, S.J., Romano, D.J., Goel, A., Teichman, K., Moghadam, M.C., and Shih, G. (2023). Effect of Averaging Measurements From Multiple MRI Pulse Sequences on Kidney Volume Reproducibility in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28593"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.12.019","article-title":"Clinical Implementation of an Artificial Intelligence Algorithm for Magnetic Resonance-Derived Measurement of Total Kidney Volume","volume":"98","author":"Potretzke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200007000-00019","article-title":"Volumetric measurement of renal cysts and parenchyma using MRI: Phantoms and patients with polycystic kidney disease","volume":"24","author":"Bae","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03750708","article-title":"MRI-based kidney volume measurements in ADPKD: Reliability and effect of gadolinium enhancement","volume":"4","author":"Bae","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suwabe, T., Ubara, Y., Ueno, T., Hayami, N., Hoshino, J., Imafuku, A., Kawada, M., Hiramatsu, R., Hasegawa, E., and Sawa, N. (2016). Intracystic magnetic resonance imaging in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: Features of severe cyst infection in a case\u2013control study. BMC Nephrol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0381-9"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography8040152","article-title":"Deep Learning Automation of Kidney, Liver, and Spleen Segmentation for Organ Volume Measurements in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"8","author":"Sharbatdaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015","article-title":"User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: Significantly improved efficiency and reliability","volume":"31","author":"Yushkevich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001","article-title":"3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network","volume":"30","author":"Fedorov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.135","article-title":"The importance of total kidney volume in evaluating progression of polycystic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Grantham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06300615","article-title":"Effect of tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by CKD stage: Results from the TEMPO 3: 4 trial","volume":"11","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.11.009","article-title":"Variability in diagnostic error rates of 10 MRI centers performing lumbar spine MRI examinations on the same patient within a 3-week period","volume":"17","author":"Herzog","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J."}],"container-title":["Tomography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2379-139X\/9\/4\/107\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:11:09Z","timestamp":1760127069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2379-139X\/9\/4\/107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["tomography9040107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tomography9040107","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-139X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-139X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]}}}