{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:19:47Z","timestamp":1760149187925,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transdiaphragmatic fistulae are rare conditions characterized by pathological communication between two epithelium-lined surfaces. Hepato-thoracic fistula consists of abnormal communication between the liver and\/or the biliary system and the thorax; while the pancreaticopleural fistula consists of abnormal communication between the pancreas and the thorax, the pleuro-biliary fistula represents the more common type. Clinical symptoms and laboratory findings are generally non-specific (e.g., thoracic and abdominal pain, dyspnea, cough, neutrophilia, elevated CPR, and bilirubin values) and initially, first-level investigations, such as chest RX and abdominal ultrasound, are generally inconclusive for the diagnosis. Contrast-enhanced CT represents the first two-level radiological imaging technique, usually performed to identify and evaluate the underlying pathology sustained by transdiaphragmatic fistulae, their complications, and the evaluation of the fistulous tract. When the CT remains inconclusive, other techniques such as MRI and MRCP can be performed. A prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial because the recognition of fistulae and the precise definition of the fistulous tract have a major impact on the management acquisition process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography9040108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T02:14:48Z","timestamp":1689214488000},"page":"1356-1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Case Series of MRI and CT Assessment of Acquired Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Transdiaphragmatic Fistulae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Stefano Giusto","family":"Picchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare-ASL NA1 Centro, Via Enrico Russo 11, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0983-2260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Lassandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare-ASL NA1 Centro, Via Enrico Russo 11, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosita","family":"Comune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"Pezzullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare-ASL NA1 Centro, Via Enrico Russo 11, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Fiorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare-ASL NA1 Centro, Via Enrico Russo 11, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lassandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale S.Anna e SS. Madonna della Neve, ASL NA3 Sud, Via Lenze, Boscotrecase, 80042 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Tonerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Radiology, Cisanello Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Masala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Tamburro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare-ASL NA1 Centro, Via Enrico Russo 11, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, James Cook University Hospital & Teesside University, Marton Road, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0455-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Tamburrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale del Mare-ASL NA1 Centro, Via Enrico Russo 11, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2018.09.020","article-title":"Imaging of acquired transdiaphragmatic fistulae and communications","volume":"53","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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