{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:47:32Z","timestamp":1792007252311,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tomography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anal cancer is a rare disease, but its incidence has been increasing steadily. Primary staging and assessment after chemoradiation therapy are commonly performed using MRI, which is considered to be the preferred imaging modality. CT and PET\/CT are useful in evaluating lymph node metastases and distant metastatic disease. Anal squamous-cell carcinoma (ASCC) and rectal adenocarcinoma are typically indistinguishable on MRI, and a biopsy prior to imaging is necessary to accurately stage the tumor and determine the treatment approach. This review discusses the histology, MR technique, diagnosis, staging, and treatment of anal cancer, with a particular focus on the differences in TNM staging between anal and rectal carcinomas. Purpose: This review discusses the histology, MR technique, diagnosis, staging, and treatment of anal cancer, with a particular focus on the differences in TNM staging between anal squamous-cell carcinoma (ASCC) and rectal adenocarcinoma. Methods and materials: To conduct this updated review, a comprehensive literature search was performed using prominent medical databases, including PubMed and Embase. The search was limited to articles published within the last 10 years (2013\u20132023) to ensure their relevance to the current state of knowledge. Inclusion criteria: (1) articles that provided substantial information on the diagnostic techniques used for ASCC, mainly focusing on imaging, were included; (2) studies reporting on emerging technologies; (3) English-language articles. Exclusion criteria: articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, case reports, or articles with insufficient data. The primary outcome of this review is to assess the accuracy and efficacy of different diagnostic modalities, including CT, MRI, and PET, in diagnosing ASCC. The secondary outcomes are as follows: (1) to identify any advancements or innovations in diagnostic techniques for ASCC over the past decade; (2) to highlight the challenges and limitations of the diagnostic process. Results: ASCC is a rare disease; however, its incidence has been steadily increasing. Primary staging and assessment after chemoradiation therapy are commonly performed using MRI, which is considered to be the preferred imaging modality. CT and PET\/CT are useful in evaluating lymph node metastases and distant metastatic disease. Conclusion: ASCC and rectal adenocarcinoma are the most common histological subtypes and are typically indistinguishable on MRI; therefore, a biopsy prior to imaging is necessary to stage the tumor accurately and determine the treatment approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography9050135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:59:55Z","timestamp":1693796395000},"page":"1694-1710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An Updated Review on Imaging and Staging of Anal Cancer\u2014Not Just Rectal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alessio","family":"Congedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Mallardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7109-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginevra","family":"Danti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"De Muzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences V. Tiberio, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6601-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenza","family":"Granata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale\u2014IRCCS di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7848-1567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Miele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Anal cancer\u2014Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"118","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dtsch. 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